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Undersea Fiber Communication Systems
DescriptionThis book provides a detailed overview of the evolution of undersea communications systems, with emphasis on the most recent breakthroughs of optical submarine cable technologies based upon Wavelength Division Multiplexing, optical amplification, new-generation optical fibers, and high-speed digital electronics. The role played by submarine-communication systems in the development of high-speed networks and associated market demands for multiplying Internet and broadband services is also covered.Importance of This TopicThis book will fill the gap between highly specialized papers from large international conferences and broad-audience technology review updates. The book provides a full overview of the evolution in the field and conveys the dimension of the large undersea projects. In addition, the book uncovers the myths surrounding marine operations and installations in that domain, which have remained known so far to only very few specialists.
1101055125
Undersea Fiber Communication Systems
DescriptionThis book provides a detailed overview of the evolution of undersea communications systems, with emphasis on the most recent breakthroughs of optical submarine cable technologies based upon Wavelength Division Multiplexing, optical amplification, new-generation optical fibers, and high-speed digital electronics. The role played by submarine-communication systems in the development of high-speed networks and associated market demands for multiplying Internet and broadband services is also covered.Importance of This TopicThis book will fill the gap between highly specialized papers from large international conferences and broad-audience technology review updates. The book provides a full overview of the evolution in the field and conveys the dimension of the large undersea projects. In addition, the book uncovers the myths surrounding marine operations and installations in that domain, which have remained known so far to only very few specialists.
DescriptionThis book provides a detailed overview of the evolution of undersea communications systems, with emphasis on the most recent breakthroughs of optical submarine cable technologies based upon Wavelength Division Multiplexing, optical amplification, new-generation optical fibers, and high-speed digital electronics. The role played by submarine-communication systems in the development of high-speed networks and associated market demands for multiplying Internet and broadband services is also covered.Importance of This TopicThis book will fill the gap between highly specialized papers from large international conferences and broad-audience technology review updates. The book provides a full overview of the evolution in the field and conveys the dimension of the large undersea projects. In addition, the book uncovers the myths surrounding marine operations and installations in that domain, which have remained known so far to only very few specialists.
José Chesnoy is an independent expert and consultant on undersea fiberoptic systems, and co-founder of the Subsea Optical Fiber Communications summer school. He began his career at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and pioneered the development of amplified submarine cables. Then he moved to Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks (ASN) where he successively led the development of submarine systems and WDM equipment, and was CTO of ASN before moving into independent consulting.
Table of Contents
Contributors
xv
Foreword
xxiii
Preface
xxv
I
Introduction
1
Introduction to Submarine Fiber Communication
I.
Introduction
3
II.
Configuration of a Submarine Communication System
5
III.
The Advent of Terabit Optical Technology
6
A.
The Birth of Optical Technology
6
B.
The First Transoceanic Optical Systems
8
C.
Optical Amplification
9
D.
WDM Optical Systems
10
IV.
Evolution of Submarine Systems in the 2000s
11
V.
Objectives and Outline of the Book
11
References
13
2
Historical Overview of Submarine Communication Systems
I.
Introduction
16
II.
The Era of Telegraphy over Submarine Cables
17
A.
The Early Age of the Electric Telegraph (1800-1850)
17
B.
The British Era of Submarine Cable (1850-1872)
18
C.
The Global Network (1872-1920)
22
D.
Cable and Radio Competition (1920-1960)
25
E.
Technical and Economical Aspects
26
III.
The Era of Telephone on Coaxial Cables
30
A.
The Earliest Telephonic Submarine Cable Trials
30
B.
The First Generation of Coaxial Submarine Cable (1850-1961)
31
C.
The Second Generation of Coaxial Submarine Cable (1960-1970)
32
D.
Wideband Submarine Cables (1970-1988)
34
E.
Technical and Economical Aspects
34
IV.
The Era of Fiber Optic Submarine Cables
38
A.
From Analog to Digital (1976-1988)
38
B.
Regenerated Fiber Optic Cables and the Consortium Era (1986-1995)
39
C.
Optical Amplification and WDM Technology (1995-2000)
44
D.
Cable Ships and Offshore Works
45
V.
Conclusion
47
References
47
II
Submarine System Design
3
Basics of Digital Optical Communications
I.
Optical Channel and the Multiplexed Data
53
A.
Optical Bandwidth
53
B.
Optical Channel Capacity
53
C.
Binary Optical Channel and the Symbol Probabilities
56
II.
Modulation Formats and Modulation Bandwidth
57
A.
Parameters to Be Modulated
57
B.
Spectrum of Digitally Modulated Signals
58
C.
Modulation Formats
61
D.
Modulation Implementation
65
III.
Signal and Noises at the Receiver
67
A.
Photodetector Sensitivity and Optical-to-Electrical Signal Conversion
67
B.
Noise Generation and Demonstration Mechanisms at the Receiver
68
C.
Noise Addition in Optical Amplification
74
D.
Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
78
IV.
Receiver Performance Evaluation
79
A.
Electrical Signal-to-Noise Ratio Definition
79
B.
Bit Error Ratio and Receiver Sensitivity Definitions
79
C.
Shot-Noise-Limited Ideal Detection
83
D.
Amplifier Less Thermal-Noise-Limited Detection
86
E.
Detection of Preamplified Optical Signals
87
References
92
4
Optical Amplification
I.
Introduction
96
II.
EDFA Amplification Principles
97
A.
Basic Principles
97
B.
Dynamic Behavior
102
C.
Noise Characteristics
104
D.
Giles Parameters
107
III.
Requirements for Submarine Systems
109
A.
Noise Figure
109
B.
Hydrogen Sensitivity
111
C.
Power Consumption
111
D.
Polarization-Dependent Loss
111
E.
Polarization Mode Dispersion
112
F.
Polarization-Dependent Gain
112
G.
Comparison with Terrestrial Requirements
113
IV.
Related Technology
115
V.
Single-Channel EDFAs
117
A.
Gain Peak Wavelength Determination
117
B.
Parameters That Influence GPW
119
C.
Self-Filtering Effect
119
D.
Design Rules
122
E.
Gain Compression and Pump Wavelength
123
F.
Glass Composition
124
G.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
124
VI.
Multichannel WDM EDFAs
126
A.
Gain Bandwidth
126
B.
Glass Composition
127
C.
Gain Equalization
129
D.
Equalization Technology
131
VII.
EDFA Impairments
132
A.
Polarization Effects
133
B.
Spectral Hole Burning
133
C.
Modeling of Spectral Hole Burning
135
D.
Other Limitations
136
VIII.
Operation with L-Band EDFAs
138
A.
System Performance
138
B.
Field Implementation Issues
140
C.
C + L-Band Systems
140
IX.
Implementation of Raman Amplification
142
A.
Principle of Raman Amplification
142
B.
Practical Implementation as Preamplification EDFAs
145
C.
All-Raman Amplified Submarine Links
145
X.
Further Amplification Perspectives
147
References
148
5
Ultra-Long-Haul Submarine Transmission
I.
Introduction
158
II.
Key Features of Long-Haul Transmission Systems
158
A.
A Technical Challenge: High Capacity per Optical Fiber
158
B.
Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
160
C.
Reduction of the Propagation Impairment
163
D.
Submarine Line Terminal Equipment Features
166
E.
Repeater Supervisory and Fiber Fault Localization
169
F.
Q Budget and Typical Repeater Spacing
173
III.
Gain Equalization
177
A.
Power Preemphasis
177
B.
Fixed-Gain Equalizer
180
C.
Tunable Gain Equalizer
184
D.
Impact of Nonoptimal Gain Equalization
186
IV.
Chromatic Dispersion and Nonlinear Effects
188
A.
Nonlinear Kerr-Type Effects
188
B.
Stimulated Raman Scattering
191
C.
Transmission Experiments
193
V.
Forward Error Correcting Codes
200
A.
Performance Requirement in Submarine Systems
200
B.
Introduction to Forward Error Correction
201
C.
Channel Model and Fundamental Limits
202
D.
Practical Forward Error Correction Schemes in Submarine Transmission Systems
204
E.
Reed-Solomon Codes
205
F.
Concatenated Codes
206
G.
Turbo Product Codes
208
H.
Examples of FEC Scheme Performances for Submarine Transmission Systems
209
VI.
Technology Evolution
210
A.
Modulation Format
210
B.
C + L-Band Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier
212
C.
Transmission Systems with Distributed Raman Amplifiers
A reference guide on optical communication systems over submarine cables, including design, technology, installation, and maintenance for wet and dry plants
