Handbook of Acrylics for Submersibles, Hyperbaric Chambers, and Aquaria available in Hardcover

Handbook of Acrylics for Submersibles, Hyperbaric Chambers, and Aquaria
- ISBN-10:
- 1930536151
- ISBN-13:
- 9781930536159
- Pub. Date:
- 12/16/2003
- Publisher:
- Best Publishing Company
- ISBN-10:
- 1930536151
- ISBN-13:
- 9781930536159
- Pub. Date:
- 12/16/2003
- Publisher:
- Best Publishing Company

Handbook of Acrylics for Submersibles, Hyperbaric Chambers, and Aquaria
Hardcover
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Overview
This fully documented design handbook is ideally suited for engineers, designers, operators, and inspectors of pressure vessels who need to know and understand the technology of viewport and hyperbaric chamber development. In addition, the safety factors recommended for the design, to preclude catastrophic failure, are covered in a separate section of the ANSI/ASME PVHO-1 Safety Standard.
Materials, fabrication processes, distribution of stresses and strains in standard window shapes, critical pressures, bonding techniques, deterioration of acrylic material, and surface finishes are all discussed for the benefit of the designer. The designer, operator and/or inspector is made aware of how to care for acrylic in service and what may harm or even destroy the usefulness of the acrylic. Using the information presented herein allows the engineer to design, fabricate and test numerous acrylic structures that will be safe, economical and long lasting.
This book is a necessary addition to the libraries of designers, fabricators, users and inspectors. With the information included, a sound engineering appraisal can be made and used for safe designs of acrylic windows and pressure vessels.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781930536159 |
---|---|
Publisher: | Best Publishing Company |
Publication date: | 12/16/2003 |
Pages: | 1080 |
Product dimensions: | 7.20(w) x 10.36(h) x 2.36(d) |
Table of Contents
1.0 | The Quest for Panoramic Vision Underwater | |
1.1 | Introduction | 1 |
1.2 | Bathysphere | 2 |
1.3 | Trieste | 3 |
1.4 | Multiple Window Installations | 5 |
1.5 | Submersibles without Viewports for Direct Use | 5 |
1.6 | Panoramic Windows | 7 |
1.7 | Acrylic Plastic Submersibles | 9 |
1.8 | In Addition to Submersibles | 16 |
1.9 | Summary | 17 |
References | 19 | |
Figures 1.1-1.30 | 21 | |
2.0 | Introduction to Acrylic Plastic | |
2.1 | Introduction to Plastics | 41 |
2.2 | Introduction to Acrylic | 42 |
2.3 | Manufacture of Acrylic Monomer | 42 |
2.4 | Acrylic Polymerization | 43 |
2.5 | Modification of Acrylic | 45 |
2.6 | Conversion of Acrylic Resin | 46 |
2.7 | Acrylic Properties | 48 |
2.8 | Comparison of Acrylics | 52 |
2.9 | Chemical Resistance | 56 |
2.10 | Products Made from Acrylics | 57 |
2.11 | Design Considerations | 59 |
2.12 | Thermoforming Acrylic | 59 |
2.13 | Machining Acrylic | 61 |
2.14 | Sanding, Polishing and Cleaning Acrylic | 65 |
2.15 | Surface Castings and Texturing | 66 |
2.16 | Joining Acrylics | 66 |
2.17 | Lamination | 68 |
2.18 | Summary | 68 |
Figures and Tables | 44 | |
3.0 | Sources of Window Design Data | |
3.1 | Introduction | 71 |
3.2 | Evaluation of Structures | 72 |
3.3 | Evaluation of Material | 81 |
Figures 3.1-3.28 | 88 | |
4.0 | Structural Properties of Monolithic Cast Acrylic Plastic | |
4.1 | Introduction | 105 |
4.2 | Plastic Design Considerations | 106 |
4.3 | Short-Term Mechanical Properties | 111 |
4.4 | Long-Term Mechanical Properties | 117 |
4.5 | Design Criteria | 125 |
References | 128 | |
Figures 4.1-4.62 | 129 | |
5.0 | Acrylic Aquaria Enclosures | |
5.1 | Evaluation of Transparent Construction Materials | 165 |
5.2 | Selection of Acrylic Material for Aquaria | 169 |
5.3 | Inclusions | 171 |
5.4 | Design Parameters | 176 |
5.5 | Calculation of Stresses | 179 |
5.6 | Prediction of Critical Pressure | 181 |
5.7 | Structural Performance | 184 |
5.8 | Seating | 186 |
5.9 | Fabrication of Panels | 187 |
5.10 | Surface Care | 189 |
5.11 | QC Inspection Procedures for New Panels | 192 |
5.12 | Joining Techniques | 192 |
5.13 | Typical Aquaria Installations | 193 |
5.14 | Samples of Installations with Discussion of the Uniqueness of Each | 194 |
5.15 | Conclusion | 197 |
Figures 5.1-5.31 | 199 | |
Appendix A | Typical Specification for Acrylic Aquarium Windows | 217 |
6.0 | Pressure-Resistant Windows | |
6.1 | Introduction | 221 |
6.2 | Window Classification | 222 |
6.3 | Summary | 224 |
Figures 6.1-6.6 | 226 | |
7.0 | Plane Disc Windows With Flat Bearing Surfaces | |
7.1 | Introduction | 231 |
7.2 | Structural Performance | 232 |
7.3 | Modes of Failure | 232 |
7.4 | Prediction of Critical Pressure | 233 |
7.5 | Seating | 236 |
7.6 | Fabrication of Windows | 238 |
7.7 | Resistance to Impulse and Point-Impact Loading | 239 |
7.8 | Conclusion | 240 |
References | 241 | |
Figures 7.1-7.27 | 242 | |
8.0 | Plane Rectangular Windows | |
8.1 | Introduction | 262 |
8.2 | Structural Performance | 262 |
8.3 | Mode of Failure | 262 |
8.4 | Prediction of Critical Pressures | 262 |
8.5 | Seating | 265 |
8.6 | Fabrication | 267 |
8.7 | Resistance to Impulse and Point Loading | 268 |
8.8 | Conclusion | 268 |
References | 270 | |
Figures 8.1-8.9 | 271 | |
9.0 | Conical Frustum Windows | |
9.1 | Introduction | 277 |
9.2 | Structural Performance | 278 |
9.3 | Modes of Failure | 279 |
9.4 | Prediction of Critical Pressures | 290 |
9.5 | Seating of Windows | 295 |
9.6 | Fabrication | 301 |
9.7 | Resistance to Impulse and Point Loading | 302 |
9.8 | Nonstandard Conical Frustums | 306 |
9.9 | Window Design | 306 |
9.10 | Conclusion | 309 |
References | 310 | |
Figures 9.1-9.58 | 311 | |
Appendix A | Window Design Procedure | 369 |
Appendix B | Short-Term Critical Pressures and Displacement of Conical Frustums | 375 |
Appendix C | Displacement of Conical Frustum Windows Under Long-Term Pressure Loading | 387 |
10.0 | Plane Disc Windows with Twin Conical Bearing Surfaces | |
10.1 | Introduction | 401 |
10.2 | Structural Performance | 402 |
10.3 | Modes of Failure | 403 |
10.4 | Critical Pressures | 404 |
10.5 | Seating | 408 |
10.6 | Sealing | 408 |
10.7 | Fabrication | 409 |
10.8 | Resistance to Underwater Explosions and Point-Impact Loading | 409 |
10.9 | Conclusion | 410 |
References | 411 | |
Figures 10.1-10.20 | 412 | |
11.0 | Spherical Sector Windows | |
11.1 | Introduction | 433 |
11.2 | Spherical Shell Sectors with Conical Bearing Surfaces | 435 |
11.3 | Modified Spherical Shell Sectors | 455 |
11.4 | Conclusion | 464 |
References | 465 | |
Figures 11.1-11.109 | 466 | |
Appendix A | Short-Term Critical Pressures and Displacements of Spherical Sector Windows | 551 |
Appendix B | Long-Term Displacement of Spherical Sector Windows Under Sustained Pressure Loading | 569 |
12.0 | Spherical Pressure Hulls | |
12.1 | Introduction | 577 |
12.2 | Internal Pressure | 579 |
12.3 | Ideal Spheres Under External Pressure | 582 |
12.4 | Conclusion | 629 |
References | 631 | |
Figures 12.1-12.70 | 633 | |
Appendix A | Construction of Acrylic Spheres for NEMO Submersibles | 689 |
13.0 | Cylindrical Windows | |
13.1 | Introduction | 713 |
13.2 | Internal Pressure | 714 |
13.3 | External Pressure | 723 |
13.4 | Fabrication | 736 |
13.5 | Conclusion | 738 |
References | 739 | |
Figures 13.1-13.37 | 740 | |
Appendix A | Numerical Example for Calculations of Stresses in a Ring Stiffened Cylinder Under External Pressure | 773 |
14.0 | Illumination of Vessel Interiors | |
14.1 | Introduction | 775 |
14.2 | Illumination Through Windows (WTLS) | 775 |
14.3 | Illumination through Acrylic Light Pipes (ALPS) | 777 |
14.4 | Summary | 779 |
References | 781 | |
Figures 14.1-14.29 | 782 | |
Appendix A | Window Transmission Light System (WTLS) | 803 |
Appendix B | Acrylic Light Pipe System (ALPS) | 809 |
Enclosure 1 | Light Pipe Assembly Qualification/Acceptance Tests | 817 |
Enclosure 2 | Light Pipe Assembly Control Test | 822 |
Enclosure 3 | Light Pipe Assembly Fabrication Drawings | 825 |
15.0 | Stress Relieving Processes | |
15.1 | Residual Stresses | 833 |
15.2 | Reduction of Residual Stresses | 834 |
15.3 | Quality Control of Annealing Effectiveness | 839 |
15.4 | Summary | 843 |
References | 844 | |
Figures 15.1-15.7 | 850 | |
16.0 | Joining Acrylic Components | |
16.1 | Introduction | 857 |
16.2 | Mechanical Joining | 857 |
16.3 | Adhesive Joining | 858 |
16.4 | Adhesive Joined Bond Configuration | 861 |
16.5 | Dams for Containment of Cement in the Bond Gap | 862 |
16.6 | Cementing Procedures | 865 |
16.7 | Durability of Bonded Joints | 866 |
16.8 | Effect of Joint Defects on Bond Performance | 867 |
16.9 | Repair of Bonded Joints | 870 |
16.10 | Cementing of Repair Bonds | 873 |
16.11 | Summary | 874 |
References | 875 | |
Figures 16.1-16.23 | 878 | |
17.0 | Effect of Submersion in Water | |
17.1 | Introduction | 897 |
17.2 | Effects of Submergence | 897 |
17.3 | Fouling | 899 |
17.4 | Summary | 903 |
References | 904 | |
Figures 17.1-17.11 | 905 | |
18.0 | Crazing | |
18.1 | Introduction | 913 |
18.2 | Craze Definition | 913 |
18.3 | Causes of Crazing | 913 |
18.4 | Postponement of Crazing | 916 |
18.5 | Resistance to Crazing | 916 |
18.6 | Removal of Crazing | 918 |
18.7 | Summary | 918 |
References | 920 | |
Tables 18.1-18.3 and Figures 18.1-18.6 | 921 | |
19.0 | Deterioration of Acrylic in Service | |
19.1 | Introduction | 927 |
19.2 | Effect of Weathering | 928 |
19.3 | Effect of Stress | 933 |
19.4 | Service Life of Windows | 937 |
19.5 | Procedure for Determining Remaining Service Life | 938 |
19.6 | Service Inspection of Windows | 942 |
19.7 | Description of Safety Hazards | 943 |
19.8 | Effect of High Energy Radiation | 945 |
19.9 | Chemical Attack | 947 |
19.10 | Summary | 948 |
References | 949 | |
Figures 19.1-19.10 | 950 | |
Appendix A | Effect of Cleaners and Disinfectants on Stress Crazing Initiation | 957 |
Appendix B | Evaluation of Cleaners, Waxes, Protective Coatings, and Gasketing Materials for Use on Acrylic Windows | 961 |
Appendix C | Effect of Chemicals on Cast Acrylic | 969 |
Appendix D | Refinishing of Crazed, Cracked, or ScratchedAcrylic Surfaces by the User | 977 |
Appendix E | Storage of Acrylic Windows | 981 |
20.0 | Optical Characteristics | |
20.1 | Optical Properties of Materials | 985 |
20.2 | Imagery in Viewing Media | 989 |
20.3 | Optical Geometry of Viewports | 991 |
20.4 | Ray Tracing and Light Pipes | 999 |
20.5 | Comparisons and Conclusions | 1002 |
References | 1003 | |
Figures 20.1-20.18 | 1004 | |
Appendix A | Optical Properties of Spherical Shell Acrylic Windows | 1019 |
21.0 | Safety Standards | |
21.1 | Introduction | 1025 |
21.2 | Historical Background | 1025 |
21.3 | ASME PVHO-1 Safety Standard | 1026 |
21.4 | Projected Performance of the Window in Service | 1033 |
21.5 | Summary | 1035 |
References | 1037 | |
Figures 21.1-21.10 | 1038 |