Table of Contents

Preface
The “Century of Humiliation” as a Retrospective Icon
Transliteration and Word Order

1. International Relations, History, and “Images”

The International System and China: A Challenge of Topic and Disciplinarity
Culture and Identity
Race
Images
Sources

2. Humiliations Established in the First and Second Opium Wars

Colliding Images
The First Opium War (1840–1842)
Humiliation and the Unequal Treaties System
Chinese Responses to Defeat
Chinese Emigration Becomes an International Issue
The Second Opium War (1857–1860)
Geocultural Politics and the Burning of the Summer Palace
Russia’s Drive to the Amur Basin and Vladivostok

3. Humiliations Maintained

Effects and Aftermath of the Second Opium War
“Self-strengthening” Advocates in China
Chinese Immigration Issues in the United States and the “Heathen Chinee”
The “Chinese Threat” in Australasia
Ongoing and New Threats to China in Asia
Political Restrictions in California
Chinese Diplomacy in the West

4. China’s Attempted “Awakening”

China’s Military Revival
Australasian Invasion Scares and Political Debates
American Social Darwinism and Anti-Immigration Politics
Russian Responses to China
An Anglo-Chinese Alliance?
The “March of the Mongol” and “The Chinese Question”
Chinese Voices on “China’s Awakening”

5. China’s Further Humiliations

The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895
Eastern Perspectives on the Sino-Japanese War
Western Perspectives on the Sino-Japanese War
Reformist Analysis and Imperial Leadership
“Sliced Like a Water-melon”
The Boxer Revolt
Autumnal Perspectives on the Boxer Revolt
Chinese Perspectives
Reemergence of a China Threat Perception
Russian Geopolitics
Xinzheng Reforms and Chinese Nationalism
The Russo-Japanese War and a Sino-Japanese Axis
Immigration and Trade Furors across the Pacific
Fall of the Qing

6. China Adrift in a Brave New World

Images of a New Republic, a New China
Yellow Peril Incarnations (Fu Manchu and Others)
China and “World” War I
Diplomatic Betrayals and the May Fourth Movement
Race and Culture, Pan-Asianism, and Chinese Nationalism
The Soviet Factor
Unequal Treaties Revision and Nationalist Agitation-Renewal
National Reunification and Uncertainties

7. Wartime Humiliations from Japan and the West

The Manchurian Affair and Aftermath
The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
Yellow-Red Perils?
Immigration and Extraterritoriality, Strategic Revisions
Perceptions of China’s Status as a Great Power and Military Ally
Western Comments on China’s Postwar Role
Race, Population, and Immigration Resurface
Across the Pacific
Whose China?

8. Legacies

Bibliography
Index