Table of Contents
Preface ix
Introduction xiii
Chapter 1 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 1 Thomas OLIVIER and Baptiste MOINE
1.1. Introduction 1
1.1.1. Context and framework of Chapter 1
1.1.2. From wide-field microscopy to confocal microscopy 3
1.2. Principle and implementation 6
1.2.1. General principle 7
1.2.2. Axial and lateral resolution in confocal microscopy 9
1.2.3. Some notions of fluorescence 21
1.2.4. Main elements of a confocal scanning laser microscope 25
1.3. Applications in biology, potential and limitations 40
1.3.1. Basic elements of biology for the neophyte 41
1.3.2. Fluorescent labeling 43
1.3.3. Practical implementation of confocal microscopy 46
1.4. Related and derived techniques 62
1.4.1. Advanced contrast modes: FRAP, FLIP, FLIM, FRET, etc. 62
1.4.2. The contribution of nonlinear contrast modes 66
1.4.3. Recent major advances: overcoming the diffraction limit 72
1.5. Bibliography 74
Chapter 2 Flow Cytometry (FCM) Measurement of Cells in Suspension 79 Odile SABIDO
2.1. History of FCM 79
2.2. Components of the cytometer: fluidics, optics and signal processing 80
2.2.1. Fluidics 81
2.2.2. Optics 81
2.2.3. Signal processing 83
2.3. Experimentation strategy 83
2.3.1. Visualizations of the spectra 84
2.3.2. Compensation of fluorescences 84
2.3.3. Checking the optical bench 84
2.3.4. Presentation of parameters A/H/W 85
2.3.5. Graphical presentation 85
2.4. Types of platform for FCM 87
2.4.1. Clinical platform 87
2.4.2. Research platform 87
2.5. Principle of cell sorting 88
2.6. Analyzed parameters 90
2.6.1. Light scattering 90
2.6.2. Fluorochromes 90
2.7. Applications in biology 93
2.7.1. Clinical 93
2.7.2. Research 93
2.7.3. Environment 94
2.7.4. Plant biology 94
2.7.5. Industrial microbiology 94
2.8. Complementarities of the FCM with the other cytometries, confocal and dynamic 95
2.9. Cytometry on beads, LUMINEXTM type 95
2.10. Scientific societies 96
2.11. Websites to visit 96
2.12. Bibliography 97
2.13. Reference books 99
Chapter 3 Optical Coherence Tomography 101 Claude BOCCARA and Arnaud DUBOIS
3.1. Introduction 101
3.2. Principles of OCT 102
3.3. Frequency-domain OCT 104
3.4. Spatial resolution 106
3.5. Applications of OCT 107
3.5.1. Ophtalmology 107
3.5.2. Internal medicine 107
3.5.3. Other fields of application 108
3.6. Extensions of OCT 109
3.7. Full-field OCT 110
3.7.1. Principle 110
3.7.2. Spatial resolution 111
3.7.3. Dynamics and sensitivity 113
3.7.4. Operating speed 113
3.7.5. Applications 114
3.8. Conclusion 119
3.9. Bibliography 119
Chapter 4 Therapeutic Applications of Lasers 125 Geneviève BOURG-HECKLY and Serge MORDON
4.1. Introduction 125
4.2. Interaction of light with biological tissues 127
4.2.1. Optical parameters characterizing light radiation 127
4.2.2. The three types of interaction between a light beam and a biological tissue 131
4.2.3. Penetration of light in biological tissues 151
4.3. Therapeutic effects of lasers 155
4.3.1. Thermal effect 156
4.3.2. Photoablative effect 167
4.3.3. Photochemical or photodynamic effect 168
4.3.4. The electromechanical effect 174
4.4. Conclusion 175
4.5. For more information 175
4.6. Bibliography 176
Chapter 5 Plasmonics 179 Emmanuel FORT
5.1. Propagating surface plasmons 180
5.1.1. Theoretical reminders and definitions 180
5.1.2. Surface plasmon resonance sensors 185
5.1.3. Units and sensitivity of SPR sensors 189
5.1.4. Other SPR configurations 190
5.1.5. SPR imaging 191
5.1.6. Surface plasmons coupled fluorescence 194
5.2. Localized surface plasmons 201
5.2.1. Theoretical reminders 201
5.2.2. Detection of plasmonic nanoprobes 203
5.3. Conclusion 210
5.4. Bibliography 211
List of Authors 217
Index 219