| Contributors | xii |
| Preface | xiv |
Part 1 | Fundamental theories regarding the physical and chemical background and quality preservation of foods | 1 |
1 | New technologies in food packaging: overview | 3 |
| Introduction | 3 |
| Developments in food processing and packaging | 5 |
| Food packaging technologies | 6 |
| New food-processing technologies | 9 |
| Future trends in food packaging | 10 |
| References | 10 |
2 | Mass transfer of gas and solute through packaging materials | 12 |
| Introduction | 12 |
| General theory | 14 |
| Diffusivity | 15 |
| Solubility/partitioning | 15 |
| Overall mass transfer of gases and solutes | 18 |
| Summary | 20 |
| References | 22 |
3 | Quality of packaged foods | 24 |
| Introduction | 24 |
| Kinetics | 25 |
| Shelf life | 28 |
| Aseptic packaging | 36 |
| Conclusions | 40 |
| References | 40 |
4 | Surface chemistry of food, packaging and biopolymer materials | 45 |
| Introduction | 45 |
| Principles of contact angle and surface energy | 46 |
| Techniques for measuring the contact angle | 50 |
| Applied research | 52 |
| Future trends | 57 |
| References | 57 |
Part 2 | Active packaging research and development | 61 |
5 | Introduction to active food packaging technologies | 63 |
| Introduction | 63 |
| Drivers for choice of active packaging | 65 |
| Forms of active packaging | 68 |
| History of active packaging | 70 |
| Impact on packaging materials and processes | 74 |
| Active packaging and the distribution chain | 76 |
| Regulatory environment | 77 |
| References | 77 |
6 | Antimicrobial packaging systems | 80 |
| Introduction | 80 |
| Food safety | 81 |
| Antimicrobial packaging | 82 |
| Antimicrobial agents | 83 |
| System design | 86 |
| Commercialization | 94 |
| References | 101 |
7 | Packaging containing natural antimicrobial or antioxidative agents | 108 |
| Introduction | 108 |
| Antimicrobial packaging | 110 |
| Antioxidative packaging | 116 |
| Future potential | 118 |
| References | 119 |
8 | Oxygen-scavenging packaging | 123 |
| Introduction | 123 |
| Reviews | 124 |
| History | 124 |
| Application to food and beverage packaging | 132 |
| Future opportunities | 135 |
| References | 135 |
9 | Intelligent packaging | 138 |
| Introduction | 138 |
| Intelligent packaging applications and technologies | 141 |
| Consumer acceptance and legislative issues | 151 |
| Conclusions | 152 |
| Disclaimer | 153 |
| References | 153 |
Part 3 | Modified atmosphere packaging of fresh produce, meats, and ready-to-eat products | 157 |
10 | Introduction to modified atmosphere packaging | 159 |
| Introduction | 159 |
| Historical developments | 159 |
| Principles of MAP | 161 |
| MAP techniques | 162 |
| Advantages and disadvantages of MAP | 163 |
| Effect of MAP on shelf life | 164 |
| Effect of MAP on micro-organisms - safety issues | 168 |
| Effect of MAP on nutritional quality | 169 |
| Combination of MAP with other technologies | 169 |
| References | 171 |
11 | Internal modified atmospheres of coated fresh fruits and vegetables: understanding relative humidity effects | 173 |
| Introduction | 173 |
| Theoretical approach | 175 |
| Results and discussion | 177 |
| Conclusions | 182 |
| References | 183 |
12 | Modified atmosphere packaging of ready-to-eat foods | 185 |
| Introduction | 185 |
| Classical nitrogen MAP | 187 |
| Argon MAP | 190 |
| Example experiments | 194 |
| Results | 195 |
| Conclusions | 201 |
| References | 201 |
13 | Preservative packaging for fresh meats, poultry, and fin fish | 204 |
| Introduction | 204 |
| Preservation of meat appearance | 207 |
| Preservation or development of desirable eating qualities | 211 |
| Delay of microbial spoilage | 213 |
| Microbiological safety | 218 |
| Summary | 220 |
| References | 220 |
14 | Centralized packaging systems for meats | 227 |
| Introduction | 227 |
| Traditional meat distribution | 228 |
| Centralized packaging systems | 228 |
| Individual packages | 230 |
| Applied research | 233 |
| Conclusions | 234 |
| References | 235 |
Part 4 | Edible and biodegradable coatings and films | 237 |
15 | Edible films and coatings: a review | 239 |
| Introduction | 239 |
| Historical and current uses of edible films and coatings | 241 |
| Film composition | 242 |
| Functions and advantages | 245 |
| Scientific parameters | 253 |
| Practical parameters for commercialization | 255 |
| Conclusions | 258 |
| References | 259 |
16 | Agro-polymers for edible and biodegradable films: review of agricultural polymeric materials, physical and mechanical characteristics | 263 |
| Introduction | 263 |
| Agro-polymers | 264 |
| Processing | 266 |
| Properties and applications of edible and biodegradable films | 267 |
| Applications of agro-polymer based materials | 270 |
| Market opportunities | 273 |
| Conclusion | 274 |
| References | 275 |
17 | Edible films and coatings from plant origin proteins | 277 |
| Introduction | 277 |
| Zein films and coatings | 277 |
| Soy protein films | 281 |
| Wheat gluten films | 284 |
| Cottonseed protein films | 288 |
| Other protein films | 291 |
| Appendix | 295 |
| References | 295 |
18 | Edible films and coatings from animal-origin proteins | 301 |
| Introduction | 301 |
| Animal-origin proteins | 302 |
| Bioactive protein-based coatings and films | 311 |
| References | 312 |
19 | Edible films and coatings from starches | 318 |
| Introduction | 318 |
| Starch fundamentals | 319 |
| Film formation | 321 |
| Mechanical properties | 328 |
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier | 330 |
| Summary and conclusions | 332 |
| References | 332 |
20 | Edible films and coatings from non-starch polysaccharides | 338 |
| Introduction | 338 |
| Non-starch polysaccharides used for films and coatings | 341 |
| Applications of edible films and coatings | 348 |
| Carbohydrate chemistry | 352 |
| Conclusion | 354 |
| References | 355 |
21 | Lipid-based edible films and coatings | 362 |
| Introduction | 362 |
| Materials used in lipid-based films and coatings | 363 |
| Preparation | 366 |
| Physical properties | 369 |
| Influence of the RH differentials | 375 |
| Applications | 376 |
| Conclusions | 380 |
| References | 380 |
22 | Emulsion and bi-layer edible films | 384 |
| Introduction | 384 |
| Composite film formation | 385 |
| Properties of bi-layer films | 387 |
| Properties of emulsion films | 393 |
| Conclusions | 398 |
| References | 399 |
23 | Plasticizers in edible films and coatings | 403 |
| Introduction | 403 |
| Definition and purpose of plasticizers | 404 |
| Types of plasticizing | 404 |
| Theories of plasticization | 410 |
| Advantages and disadvantages of edible films and coatings | 414 |
| Properties of edible films and coatings | 415 |
| Polysaccharide-based films and coatings | 416 |
| Protein-based films and coatings | 419 |
| Challenges and opportunities | 425 |
| Conclusions | 427 |
| References | 428 |
24 | Sensory quality of foods associated with edible film and coating systems and shelf-life extension | 434 |
| Introduction | 434 |
| Sensory quality attributes associated with edible films and coatings | 436 |
| Edible coatings to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of foods - case studies | 440 |
| Sensory evaluation of edible films, coatings and coated products | 444 |
| Edible films and coatings incorporating functional ingredients | 446 |
| Future research | 448 |
| References | 449 |
Part 5 | Commercial aspects of new packaging technologies | 455 |
25 | Commercial uses of active food packaging and modified atmosphere packaging systems | 457 |
| Introduction | 457 |
| Active packaging | 458 |
| Modified atmosphere packaging | 466 |
| Further reading | 474 |
26 | US Food and Drug Administration approach to regulating intelligent and active packaging components | 475 |
| Introduction | 475 |
| The food additive petition process | 477 |
| Food contact substance notifications | 478 |
| Special considerations for antimicrobial food additives | 479 |
| Other active or intelligent packaging materials | 480 |
| Conclusions | 481 |
27 | Packaging for non-thermal food processing | 482 |
| Introduction | 482 |
| Non-thermal food processing | 483 |
| Plastic packaging materials | 487 |
| Packaging for non-thermal food processing | 488 |
| Future research | 494 |
| References | 495 |
| Index | 501 |