Speaking: From Intention to Articulation

by Willem J. M. Levelt

Overview

In Speaking, Willem "Pim" Levelt, Director of the Max-Planck-Institut für Psycholinguistik, accomplishes the formidable task of covering the entire process of speech production, from constraints on conversational appropriateness to articulation and self-monitoring of speech. Speaking is unique in its balanced coverage of all major aspects of the production of speech, in the completeness of its treatment of the entire speech process, and in its strategy of exemplifying rather than formalizing theoretical issues.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780262620895
Publisher:	MIT Press
Publication date:	08/26/1993
Series:	ACL-MIT Series in Natural Language Processing
Edition description:	Reprint
Pages:	584
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.20(d)
Age Range:	18 Years

About the Author

Willem Levelt is Director Emeritus of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics.

Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
Author's Notes
The Speaker as Information Processor
1.1 A Case Study
1.2 A Blueprint for the Speaker
1.2.1. Conceptualizing
1.2.2 Formulating: Grammatical and Phonological Encoding
1.2.3 Articulating
1.2.4 Self-Monitoring
1.3 Processing Components as Relatively Autonomous Specialists
1.4 Executive Control and Automaticity
1.5 Units of Processing and Incremental Production
1.5.1 Units of Processing
1.5.2 Incremental Production
Summary
The Speaker as Interlocutor
2.1 Interaction
2.1.1 Cooperation
2.1.2 Turn Taking, Engagement, and Disengagement
2.1.3 Saying and Conveying
2.2 Deixis
2.2.1 Types of Deixis
2.2.2 Place Deixis
2.2.3 Time Deixis
2.3. Intention
2.3.1 Speech Acts
2.3.2 Speech-Act Type and Sentential Form
2.3.3 Politeness and Indirect Speech Acts
Summary
The Structure of Messages
3.1 Modes of Knowledge Representation and Preverbal Messages
3.2 Semantic Entities and Relations
3.2.1 Semantic Representations
3.2.2 Kinds of Messages
3.2.3 Function/Argument Structures
3.2.4 Head/Modifier Structures
3.2.5 Types and Tokens
3.2.6 Semantic Types
3.2.7 What Are Possible Messages? The Problem of Ellipsis
3.3 The Thematic Structure of Messages
3.3.1 Thematic Roles
3.3.2 Semiotic Extension of Thematic Roles
3.3.3 Some Concluding Remarks
3.4 Perspective and Information Structure
3.4.1 Nuclear Thematic Structure
3.4.2 The Topic
3.4.3 Givenness and Inferability
3.4.4 Focus
3.5 Mood, Aspect, and Deixis
3.5.1 Mood and Modality
3.5.2 Aspect
3.5.3 Deixis
3.6 Language-Specific Requirements
Summary
The Generation ofMessages
4.1 From Intention to Message
4.2 Bookkeeping and Some of Its Consequences for Message Construction
4.2.1 The Type of Discourse
4.2.2 The Topic of Discourse
4.2.3 The Content of Discourse: Discourse Models and Presuppositions
4.2.4 The Focus
4.2.5 What Was Literally Said
4.3 Macroplanning 1: Deciding on Information to Be Expressed
4.3.1 The Format of Macroprocedural Knowledge
4.3.2 Macroplanning and Attentional Resources
4.3.3 Selecting Information for Making Reference to Objects
4.3.4 Selecting Information for Construction of Requests
4.3.5 Selecting Main-Structure and Side-Structure Information
4.4 Macroplanning 2: Ordering Information for Expression
4.4.1 Content-Related Determinants
4.4.2 Process-Related Determinants
4.5 Microplanning
4.5.1 Assigning Accessibility Status to Referents
4.5.2 Conceptual Prominence
4.5.3 Topicalizing
4.5.4 Assigning Propositional Format and Perspective
4.5.5 Acknowledging Language-Specific Requirements
Summary
Surface Structure
5.1 Syntactic Aspects
5.1.1 Surface Structures as Expressions of Grammatical Functions
5.1.2 Surface Structures as Input to Phonological Encoding
5.1.3 Some Properties of Surface Phrase Structure
5.2 Prosodic Aspects
5.2.1 Mood and Modality
5.2.2 Prosodic Focus
Summary
Lexical Entries and Accessing Lemmas
6.1 The Structure and Organization of Entries in the Mental Lexicon
6.1.1 The Internal Structure of a Lexical Entry
6.1.2 Relations between Items in the Mental Lexicon
6.1.3 Retrieving versus Constructing Words
6.1.4 Phrases and Idioms
6.1.5 Lexical Entries, Lemmas, and Morpho-Phonological Forms
6.2 The Structure of Lemmas
6.2.1 Semantic and Syntactic Properties
6.2.2 Grammatical Functions and Conceptual Arguments
6.2.3 Prepositions, Adjectives, and Nouns
6.2.4 Auxiliaries and Minor Categories
6.3 Theories of Lemma Access
6.3.1 Parallel Processing And Convergence Parallel Processing
6.3.2 Logogen Theory
6.3.3 Discrimination Nets
6.3.4 Decision Tables
6.3.5 Activation Spreading
6.3.6 Toward a Solution of the Hypernym Problem
6.4 Failures of Lemma Access
6.4.1 A Taxonomy of Causes
6.4.2 Blends
6.4.3 Substitutions
6.4.4 Exchanges of Words
6.5 The Time Course of Lexical Access
6.5.1 Stages of Access
6.5.2 Visual Processing and Categorization
6.5.3 Lexical Access
6.5.4 Accessing Lemmas and Word Forms: Two Stages?
6.5.5 Are Categorization and Lexical Access Nonoverlapping Stages?
Summary
The Generation of Surface Structure
7.1 The Architecture of Grammatical Encoding
7.1.1 Some Basic Kinds of Operation
7.1.2 Speech Errors: Exchanges of Same-Category Phrases and Words
7.1.3 Some More Complex Cases
7.1.4 Ellipsis
7.1.5 Ordering Errors
7.2 Units of Grammatical Encoding
7.3 The Encoding of Topic and Other Nuclear Entities
7.3.1 Accessibility and The Encoding of Topic
7.3.2 Encoding Nuclear and Non-Nuclear Entities: Saliency and Competition
7.4 Cohesive Encoding
7.4.1 Cohesive Reference
7.4.2 Cohesive Syntax
7.5 Feedback in Grammatical Encoding
Summary
Phonetic Plans for Words and Connected Speech
8.1 Plans for Words
8.1.1 Morphology
8.1.2 Tier-Representation in Word Phonology
8.1.3 The Skeletal Tier
8.1.4 The Syllable Tier
8.1.5 The Segment Tier
8.1.6 The Metrical Tier
8.1.7 The Intonation Tier
8.1.8 Morphophonemic Relations
8.2 Plans for Connected Speech
8.2.1 Segments and Syllables
8.2.2 Metrical Structure
8.2.3 Intonation
Summary
Generating Phonetic Plans for Words
9.1 The Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
9.2 Frames, Slots, Fillers, and Levels of Processing
9.2.1 Morphological/Metrical Spellout
9.2.2 Segmental Spellout
9.2.3 Phonetic Spellout
9.2.4 The Unit-Similarity Constraint
9.3 Substitutable Sublexical Units
9.3.1 Morphemes
9.3.2 Syllables
9.3.3 Syllable Constituents
9.3.4 Segments
9.3.5 Distinctive Features
9.3.6 Word Onsets and Word Ends
9.4 The Slots-and-Fillers Theory and the Causation of Errors
9.4.1 Processing Levels
9.4.2 The Causation of Errors
9.5 Activation-Spreading Theory
9.5.1 The Stratified Structure of the Word-Form Lexicon
9.5.2 Activation-Spreading and Speech Errors
9.6 Serial Order in Phonological Encoding
Summary
Generating Phonetic Plans for Connected Speech
10.1 A Sketch of the Planning Architecture
10.1.1 Processing Components
10.1.2 Casual Speech
10.1.3 Fast Speech
10.1.4 Shifts
10.2 The Generation of Rhythm
10.2.1 Phonological Words
10.2.2 Phonological Phrases, the Grid, and Incremental Production
10.2.3 Intonational Phrases
10.2.4 Metrical Structure and Phonic Durations
10.2.5 Isochrony
10.3 The Generation of Intonation
10.3.1 Declination
10.3.2 Setting Key and Register
10.3.3 Planning the Nuclear Tone
10.3.4 Planning the Prenuclear Tune
10.4 The Generation of Word Forms in Connected Speech
10.4.1 Segmental Spellout in Context
10.4.2 Phonetic Spellout in Context
Summary
Articulating
11.1 Managing the Articulatory Buffer
11.2 The Vocal Organs and the Origins of Speech Sounds
11.2.1 The Respiratory System
11.2.2 The Laryngeal System
11.2.3 The Vocal Tract
11.3 Motor Control of Speech
11.3.1 Location Programming
11.3.2 Mass-Spring Theory
11.3.3 Auditory Distinctive-Feature Targets
11.3.4 Orosensory Goals, Distinctive Features, and Intrinsic Timing
11.3.5 Auditory Targets with Model-Referenced Control
11.3.6 Coordinative Structures
11.3.7 The Articulation of Syllables
Summary
Self-Monitoring and Self-Repair
12.1 Self-Monitoring
12.1.1 What Do Speakers Monitor for?
12.1.2 Selective Attention in Self-Monitoring
12.1.3 Editor Theories of Monitoring
12.1.4 Connectionist Theories of Monitoring
12.2 Interrupting and the Use of Editing Expressions
12.2.1 Interrupting the Utterance
12.2.2 The Use of Editing Expressions
12.3 Making the Repair
12.3.1 The Syntactic Structure of Repairs
12.3.2 Ways of Restarting
12.3.3 Restarting and the Listener's Continuation Problem
12.3.4 Prosodic Marking in Self-Repair
12.3.5 Repairing on the Fly
Summary
Appendix Symbols From the International Phonetic Alphabet, With Examples
Bibliography
Author Index
Subject Index

What People are Saying About This

John C. Marshall

No previous book on human speech has even tried to cover the fall domain from speaker as message formulator and participant in dialogue to speaker as monitor of his or her own articulations. Pim Levelt has not only attempted this herculean task but has actually succeeded in advancing an explicit model of speech production in its totality. Levelt's book stands as a landmark among current attempts to elaborate a mature science of language performance, a benchmark against which future research will be judged.

Contemporary Psychology - Joseph Paul Sternberger

Required reading for anyone working in the field.

Endorsement

Required reading for anyone working in the field.

—Joseph Paul Sternberger, Contemporary Psychology

From the Publisher

No previous book on human speech has even tried to cover the fall domain from speaker as message formulator and participant in dialogue to speaker as monitor of his or her own articulations. Pim Levelt has not only attempted this herculean task but has actually succeeded in advancing an explicit model of speech production in its totality. Levelt's book stands as a landmark among current attempts to elaborate a mature science of language performance, a benchmark against which future research will be judged.

—John C. Marshall, The Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford

Required reading for anyone working in the field.

—Joseph Paul Sternberger, Contemporary Psychology

Editorial Reviews

A psycholinguistic treatment of the process of speech, from constraints on conversational appropriateness to articulation and self-monitoring. Seeing the speaker as an information processor, Levelt (director of Max Planck Institute for Pycholinguistics) proposes a model in which message generation, grammatical encoding, phonological encoding, and articulation are relatively autonomous processors. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Booknews