Table of Contents
CONTRIBUTORS xxi
FOREWORD xxiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Mircea Eremia, Chen-Ching Liu, and Abdel-Aty Edris
PART I HVDC TRANSMISSION
Mircea Eremia
CHAPTER 2 POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES FOR HVDC AND FACTS SYSTEMS 11
Remus Teodorescu and Mircea Eremia
2.1 Power Semiconductor Overview 12
2.2 Converter Types 21
2.3 HVDC Evolution 23
2.4 FACTS Evolution 30
References 33
CHAPTER 3 CSC–HVDC TRANSMISSION 35
Mircea Eremia and Constantin Bulac
3.1 Structure and Configurations 35
3.2 Converter Bridge Modeling 47
3.3 Control of CSC–HVDC Transmission 59
3.4 Reactive Power and Harmonics 78
3.5 Load Flow in Mixed HVAC/HVDC-CSC Systems 91
3.6 Interaction Between AC and DC Systems 96
3.7 Comparison Between DC and AC Transmission 101
3.8 Application on a CSC–HVDC Link 109
Appendix 3.1 CSC–HVDC Systems in the World 118
References 123
CHAPTER 4 VSC–HVDC TRANSMISSION 125
Mircea Eremia, José Antonio Jardini, Guangfu Tang, and Lucian Toma
4.1 VSC Converter Structures 126
4.2 Modulation Techniques 151
4.3 DC/AC Converter Analysis 166
4.4 VSC Transmission Scheme and Operation 188
4.5 Multiterminal VSC–HVDC Systems and HVDC Grids 203
4.6 Load Flow and Stability Analysis 221
4.7 Comparison of CSC–HVDC Versus VSC–HVDC Transmission 246
4.8 Forward to Supergrid 249
Appendix 4.1 VSC–HVDC Projects Around the World 261
Appendix 4.2 Examples of VSC–HVDC One-Line Diagrams 263
References 263
PART II FACTS TECHNOLOGIES
Abdel-Aty Edris and Mircea Eremia
CHAPTER 5 STATIC VAr COMPENSATOR (SVC) 271
Mircea Eremia, Aniruddha Gole, and Lucian Toma
5.1 Generalities 271
5.2 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor 273
5.3 Thyristor-Switched Capacitor 284
5.4 Configurations of SVC 287
5.5 Control of SVC Operation 294
5.6 SVC Modeling 296
5.7 Placement of SVC 312
5.8 Applications of SVC 314
5.9 SVC Installations Worldwide 324
References 337
CHAPTER 6 SERIES CAPACITIVE COMPENSATION 339
Mircea Eremia and Stig Nilsson
6.1 Generalities 339
6.2 Mechanical Commutation-Based Series Devices 339
6.3 Static-Controlled Series Capacitive Compensation 342
6.4 Control Schemes for the TCSC 365
6.5 TCSC Modeling 370
6.6 Applications of TSSC/TCSC Installations 382
6.7 Series Capacitors Worldwide 387
Appendix 6.1 TCSC Systems Around the World 404
References 405
CHAPTER 7 PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER: MECHANICAL AND STATIC DEVICES 409
Mylavarapu Ramamoorty and Lucian Toma
7.1 Introduction 409
7.2 Mechanical Phase Shifting Transformer 410
7.3 Thyristor-Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer 428
7.4 Applications of the Phase Shifting Transformers 439
7.5 Phase Shifting Transformer Projects Around the World 450
References 456
CHAPTER 8 STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR – STATCOM 459
Rafael Mihalic, Mircea Eremia, and Bostjan Blazic
8.1 Principles and Topologies of Voltage Source Converter 459
8.2 STATCOM Operation 473
8.3 STATCOM Modeling 476
8.4 STATCOM Applications 506
8.5 STATCOM Installations in Operation 515
References 524
CHAPTER 9 STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR (SSSC) 527
Laszlo Gyugyi, Abded-Aty Edris, and Mircea Eremia
9.1 Introduction 527
9.2 Architecture and Operating Principles 528
9.3 Comparison of SSSC with Other Technologies 533
9.4 Components of an SSSC 540
9.5 SSSC Modeling 546
9.6 Applications 551
9.7 SSSC Installation 552
References 556
CHAPTER 10 UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (UPFC) 559
Laszlo Gyugyi
10.1 Introduction 559
10.2 Basic Characteristics of the UPFC 567
10.3 UPFC Versus Conventional Power Flow Controllers 571
10.4 UPFC Control System 575
10.5 Equipment Structural and Rating Considerations 584
10.6 Protection Considerations 596
10.7 Application Example: UPFC at AEP’s INEZ Station 600
10.8 Modeling of the UPFC Device 613
References 627
CHAPTER 11 INTERLINE POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (IPFC) 629
Laszlo Gyugyi
11.1 Generalities 629
11.2 Basic Operating Principles and Characteristics of the IPFC 630
11.3 Generalized Interline Power Flow Controller for Multiline Systems 636
11.4 Basic Control System 638
11.5 Equipment Structural and Rating Considerations 640
11.6 Protection Considerations 642
11.7 Application Example: IPFC at NYPA’s Marcy Substation 643
References 649
CHAPTER 12 SEN TRANSFORMER: A POWER REGULATING TRANSFORMER 651
Kalyan K. Sen
12.1 Background 651
12.2 The Sen Transformer Concept 656
References 679
CHAPTER 13 MEDIUM VOLTAGE POWER ELECTRONICS DEVICES FOR DISTRIBUTION GRIDS 681
Ion Etxeberria-Otadui, David Frey, Seddik Bacha, and Bertrand Raison
13.1 Introduction 681
13.2 High Power Switching Valves: Association of Semiconductor Components 683
13.3 Topologies Used in High Power Converters 694
13.4 Power Electronic Converter Control 697
References 717
PART III ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES
Chen-Ching Liu and Mircea Eremia
CHAPTER 14 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE: A CHALLENGE FOR POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERS 721
Chen-Ching Liu, Alexandru Stefanov, and Junho Hong
References 729
CHAPTER 15 EXPERT SYSTEMS 731
Mircea Eremia, Kevin Tomsovic, and Gheorghe Cârținã
15.1 Fundamental Concepts 731
15.2 Architecture of Expert Systems 735
15.3 Expert Systems Application 745
References 753
CHAPTER 16 NEURAL NETWORKS 755
Dagmar Niebur, Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy, and Ekrem Gursoy
16.1 Introduction 755
16.2 Neural Network Architectures 755
16.3 Adaptive Critic Designs 759
16.4 Independent Component Analysis 760
16.5 Learning Algorithms: The Determination of Weights 760
16.6 Examples of Neural Network Applications for Power System Monitoring and Control 763
References 781
CHAPTER 17 FUZZY SYSTEMS 785
Germano Lambert-Torres, Luiz Eduardo Borges da Silva, Carlos Henrique Valerio de Moraes, and Yvo Marcelo Chiaradia Masselli
17.1 Introduction 785
17.2 Fundamental Notions 787
17.3 Fuzzy Logic 797
17.4 Fuzzy Model 801
17.5 An Application of Fuzzy Logic in Control System 811
17.6 Final Remarks 816
Acknowledgments 817
References 817
CHAPTER 18 DECISION TREES 819
Constantin Bulac and Adrian Bulac
18.1 Introduction 819
18.2 Decision Trees 820
18.3 Oblique Decision Trees 829
18.4 Applications of Decision Trees in Power Systems 833
18.5 Case Study 836
References 843
CHAPTER 19 GENETIC ALGORITHMS 845
Anastasios Bakirtzis and Spyros Kazarlis
19.1 Introduction to Evolutionary Computation 845
19.2 Genetic Algorithms 859
19.3 On The Optimal Location and Operation of FACTS Devices by Genetic Algorithms 897
References 898
CHAPTER 20 MULTIAGENT SYSTEMS 903
Nan-Peng Yu and Chen-Ching Liu
20.1 Overview 903
20.2 Multiagent Technology Overview 909
20.3 Applications of Multiagent Systems in Power Engineering 917
20.4 Electricity Markets Modeling and Simulation with Multiagent Systems 920
References 927
CHAPTER 21 HEURISTIC OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES 931
Kwang Y. Lee, Malihe M. Farsangi, Jong-Bae Park, and John G. Vlachogiannis
21.1 Introduction 931
21.2 Evolutionary Algorithms for Reactive Power Planning 932
21.3 Genetic Algorithm for Generation Planning 943
21.4 Particle Swarm Optimization for Economic Dispatch 951
21.5 Ant Colony System for Constrained Load Flow Problem 961
21.6 Immune Algorithm for Damping of Interarea Oscillation 968
21.7 Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search for Optimal Allocation of Static VAr Compensators 974
21.8 Conclusions 980
References 981
CHAPTER 22 UNSUPERVISED LEARNING AND HYBRID METHODS 985
Nikos Hatziargyriou and Manolis Voumvoulakis
22.1 Generalities 985
22.2 Supervised Learning Methods 988
22.3 Unsupervised Learning Methods 996
22.4 Som Variants 1000
22.5 Combined Use of Unsupervised with Supervised Learning Methods 1007
22.6 Applications to Power Systems 1007
References 1030
INDEX 1033
