Table of Contents
ALBERTUS MAGNUS ON ANIMALS: A Medieval Summa Zoologica Half Title Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication CONTENTS DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I FOREWORD PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION GUIDE TO EDITORIAL CONVENTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS NOTE ON THE TRANSLATION Theology Philosophy Natural Science and Mathematics Mathematics INTRODUCTION: THE LIFE AND WORKS OF ALBERT THE GREAT Albert’s Early Years Albert in Paris Departure for Cologne Writings of Albertus Magnus Albert’s Importance for Medieval Science The De animalibus The Historical Context of De animalibus De animalibus: Method, Goals, Importance CHAPTER I: A Digression Declaring the Manner and the Order of the Instruction CHAPTER II: On the Types of Parts Which Are in the Bodies of Animals and to What Degree the Animals Compare to One Another in the Participation of Their Parts CHAPTER III: On the Differences among Animals in Their Lifestyle, Their Dwelling Place, and Their Motion CHAPTER IV: Which Is a Digression Declaring the Criteria for Establishing the Animals’ Lifestyle CHAPTER V: On the Members of Animals with Respect to the Functions They Have in the Body CHAPTER VI: A General Statement on the Modes of Reproduction in Animals CHAPTER VII: On Differentiation among Animals Considered with Respect to the Members for Progressive Motion CHAPTER VIII: On the Diversity of Animals Found with Respect to Their Common Genuses CHAPTER I: On the Visible and Uniform Parts of the Human Being, and What Their Causes Are CHAPTER II: On the Science of Physiognomy Considered with Respect to the Appearances of a Person’s Members. Dealing with the Parts of the Head As Far As the Eyes. CHAPTER III: On Physiognomy Based on the Disposition of the Eyes CHAPTER IV: On the Composition of the Ear and Its Physiognomy CHAPTER V: A Digression Setting Forth the Shapes and Divisions of the Bones of the Head CHAPTER VI: A Digression Which Sets Forth the Number and Shape of the Bones of the Head, As Well As the Manner in Which the Head Is Composed from Them CHAPTER VII: A Digression Setting Forth the Composition and Shape of the Eyes CHAPTER VIII: On the Composition and Physiognomy of the Nose and Cheeks CHAPTER IX: On the Composition and Physiognomy of the Jaw, Lips, and Mouth CHAPTER X: On the Composition of the Tongue and the Parts Associated with It and on the Voice and Its Physiognomy CHAPTER XI: A Digression Declaring the Form, Number, and Usefulness of the Vertebrae of the Neck and Back CHAPTER XII: A Digression Declaring the Anatomy of the Bones of the Thorax and Arms and of Their Attached Members CHAPTER XIII: A Digression Setting Forth the Type and Number of the Bones of the Thighs, Lower Leg, and Feet along with Their Composition CHAPTER XIV: A Digression Treating the Muscles in General and Then the Muscles of the Head and of the Parts Which Are on the Head, Neck, and Throat CHAPTER XV: A Digression Setting Forth the Remaining Muscles of the Chest As a Whole, the Arms, and the Members Connected to Them CHAPTER XVI: A Digression Setting Forth the Anatomy of the Muscles of the Back, Stomach, Testicles, Bladder, and the Other Members Up to the Thigh [Coxa] CHAPTER XVII: A Digression Setting Forth the Anatomy of the Muscles Which Are Called the Rigil, or the Instruments of Walking CHAPTER XVIII: A Digression Setting Forth the Use of Nerves in General and the Anatomy of the Nerves Which Descend from the Brain CHAPTER XIX: A Digression Setting Forth the Anatomy of the Nerves Which Emerge from the Seven Vertebrae of the Neck As Well As from the Other Vertebrae of the Back CHAPTER XX: A Digression Setting Forth the Anatomy of the Arteries CHAPTER XXI: A Digression Setting Forth the Anatomy of the Veins CHAPTER XXII: On the Composition and Physiognomy of the Neck, with Respect to the Windpipe and Mery CHAPTER XXIII: On the Composition and Physiognomy of the Chest and Breasts CHAPTER XXIV: On the Anatomy of the Exterior Shape of the Belly, Groin, and Genitals. Also Their Physiognomy, and Treating As Well the Womb an Bladder. CHAPTER XXV: On the Commonalities of the Members and on the Anatomy of the Syfac, Myrach or Perytheron, the Zyrbum, and the Anus CHAPTER XXVI: On the Anatomy, Symmetry, and Physiognomy of the Posterior Members CHAPTER I: On the Agreement among the Members of Animals, and on the Anatomy and Nature of the Brain CHAPTER II: On the Esophagus, Windpipe [canna], and the Anatomy of the Lungs CHAPTER III: On the Disposition of the Stomach and of the Intestines, Which Are in the Belly CHAPTER IV: On the Disposition and Modes of the Heart As Well As Its Anatomy. In Which Also Are Treated the Lung, Diaphragm, and the Pannicular-Membrane of the Heart. CHAPTER V: On the Disposition and Anatomy of the Liver, Spleen, and Gall Bladder CHAPTER VI: On the Disposition and Function of the Kidneys CHAPTER VII: A Digression Setting Forth the Disposition and Physiognomy of the Skin CHAPTER I: On Similarity among the Upper Members of the Head, Neck, and Chest CHAPTER II: On the Visible Exterior Members That Pertain to Movement. Also on Others Except for the Head, Neck, and Chest—Which Are Compared to the Human’s Members, Especially Hoof, Horn, and Hair CHAPTER III: On the Difference and Similarity of Animals with Respect to Their Horns and Generative Members CHAPTER IV: On Similarity and Difference among Animals in Their Upper Parts, Especially According to the Types of Teeth, the Mouth, and the Tongue CHAPTER V: On the Visible Members of Blooded, Oviparous Quadrupeds Which Are Not Viviparous from a Womb CHAPTER VI: On the Visible Members of Nonquadruped, Blooded, Oviparous Animals, These Being the Feathered Birds CHAPTER VII: On the Visible Members of Fish, Undertaken with Respect to Their Similarities and Differences CHAPTER VIII: On the Exterior, Visible Members of Serpents CHAPTER I: On the Inner Parts of Blooded Animals, in Whatever Genus of Animal They Belong CHAPTER II: On the Arrangement of the Inner Members of Serpents, Fish, and Birds CHAPTER III: On the Generative Members of All Animals, in Comparison with Those of the Human CHAPTER IV: On the Diversity in the Wombs of Viviparous and Oviparous Animals CHAPTER I: What the Intent of the Book Is and on the Opinions of the Ancients on the Origin of the Veins and Blood CHAPTER II: In Which Is an Explanation of Aristotle on the Rise of the Veins CHAPTER III: A Digression Declaring Those Things Which Galen Objects to in Opposition to the Things Previously Introduced by Aristotle CHAPTER IV: A Digression Setting Forth the Determination of Avicenna in Contradiction to the Things Set Forth Above CHAPTER V: A Digression Setting Forth the Assessment and Objection of Avenroys on All That Has Been Introduced Before CHAPTER VI: A Digression Setting Forth Our Opinion on the Disagreement between Aristotle and Galen CHAPTER VII: On the Anatomy and Disposition of the Nerves in General, Insofar As They Return to the Heart As If to a Principle CHAPTER I: On the Nature and Disposition of the Bones and on the Disposition of the Cartilage As Well As Horns, Nails, Sole, and Beak CHAPTER II: On the Nature and Diversity of Hair, Scales, and the Plumes of Birds CHAPTER III: A Digression Setting Forth the Diversity of the Natural and Unnatural Moistures of Animals CHAPTER IV: A Digression Setting Forth the Substance, Causes, and Generation of These Humors CHAPTER V: On Webs, Flesh, and the Other Homogeneous Members Such as Sepum and Sagimen Which Have to Be Generated from the Humors CHAPTER VI: On the Dispositions of Blood CHAPTER VII: On the Nature and Diversity of the Marrow Moisture CHAPTER VIII: On the Nature and Disposition of the Spermatic Fluid and on Settling the Doubts that Exist between the Stoics and Peripatetics Concerning This Fluid CHAPTER IX: On the Nature and Disposition of the Milky Fluid CHAPTER I: What the Intention of the Book Is and What Diversity Exists among Bloodless Marine Animals. Also the Variation of the Malachye and Its Members. CHAPTER II: On the Nature, Disposition, and Diversity in the Animal Called the Soft-Shelled CHAPTER III: On the Nature and Disposition of the Animals Which Are Called the Hard-Shelled and Which Are the Ostrea Conchylia CHAPTER IV: On the Nature and Disposition of the Animal Midway Between the Hard-Shelled and Soft-Shelled Ones, and Which Resembles the Spider CHAPTER V: On the Genuses of the Sea Urchins [yricius] and Their Natural Disposition CHAPTER VI: On the Nature of the Sea Anemone, and Containing a Digression Setting Forth the Cause of All Concae and Testae CHAPTER VII: On the Nature and Disposition of the Animals Having Ringed Bodies CHAPTER VIII: On the Woody Animals, the Serpentine Ones, the Penis Fish, the One That Is Like Egg White, and the Sponges CHAPTER I: On Participation in the Instruments of Sensation CHAPTER II: On the Type of Voice and Sound in Animals CHAPTER III: On Sleeping and Waking in the Animals Introduced Above CHAPTER IV: On Differentiation by Sex As Far As It Concerns the Animals Introduced Above CHAPTER I: What the Intention and the Order of the Things That Must Be Said Is and on Copulation in General, This Last Being a Digression CHAPTER II: On the Variety of Copulation in Different Animals: Flying, Walking, and Quadrupedal CHAPTER III: On the Variation in Egg Laying of Aquatic Birds and on the Differences in the Time in Which They Lay CHAPTER IV: On the Type and Time of Copulation of the Ringed Creatures CHAPTER V: On the Manner of Impregnation and Egg Laying in Sea Fish CHAPTER VI: On the Difference in Egg Laying among Nonaquatic Birds CHAPTER I: On the Time at Which Animals Produce Sperm CHAPTER II: On the Manner of Generation in Those That Do Not Truly Generate through Copulation, These Being Certain Ostrea Concilia CHAPTER III: On the Shellfish Crab and on the Genuses of Sponges Which Are Called Gamen in Greek CHAPTER IV: On the Laying of Eggs and the Generation of Those Which Are Soft-Shelled, As Well As the Malakye and the Many-Footed Ones CHAPTER I: On the Diversity among the Nests and Eggs with Respect to Number, Color, and Shape CHAPTER II: On the Completion of Eggs and the Generation Which Is Perfected in Oviparous Animals before the Eggs Emerge CHAPTER III: On the Time in Which Birds Lay and Keep Their Eggs Warm Up to the Point When the Chicks Hatch Out CHAPTER IV: On the Time for the Completion of Eggs and on Their Anatomy and Their Change into the Form of a Chick CHAPTER V: On Twin Eggs and on the Number of Eggs in Various Birds, Especially the Hen and Pigeon CHAPTER VI: On the Incubation and Care of the Young among the Birds of Prey and Others CHAPTER I: On the Eggs of Fish, and What the Anatomy Is of the Embryos Generated in Them, and Especially on Those Which Generate Live Young but Conceive Eggs. Also on Those Marine Animals That Are Viviparous. CHAPTER II: On the Generation of Fish Which Produce Many Incomplete Eggs, Many of Which Perish, and on the Generation of Those Which Are Generated without Copulation and Eggs CHAPTER III: On the Time of Generation and the Gestation Period in Fish, Both Oviparous and Nonoviparous CHAPTER I: On the Eagerness and the Fighting of Animals during the Time for Copulation and on the Copulation. Also on the Superfluities of the Females and on the Gestation Period. CHAPTER II: On the Regimen for Copulation, Impregnation, and Parturition of Quadrupeds CHAPTER III: A Digression Setting Forth the Cause for All the Differences Which Exist in the Generations of the Animals Mentioned Above CHAPTER I: The Way in Which Animals Participate in the Same Nature According to Early or Late, and the Way in Which Nature Moves, through Gradual Intermediaries, from One Extreme to the Other CHAPTER II: On the Difference among Animals in Respect to Their Dwelling Places, on Water or on Land CHAPTER III: On the Difference in Fish with Respect to the Food That Is Suitable and Proper for Their Complexion CHAPTER IV: On the Diversity of the Food of Animals and Oviparous Quadrupeds CHAPTER V: On the Diversity of the Food of Viviparous Quadrupeds and on the Food of the Ringed Creatures CHAPTER VI: On the Changing of Animals from Place to Place Because of Intemperateness of the Air or Because of Some Flaw in the Place Where They Usually Dwell CHAPTER VII: On the Accidents Which Occur in Oviparous Animals Arising from the Differences in the Places They Are In, Be They Birds or Fish CHAPTER VIII: On the Differences among Walking Animals with Respect to Their Dwellings. On the Hiding and Reappearance of Fish during Different Times of Year. CHAPTER IX: On Animals Which Cast Off Their Old Age by Shedding Their Old Skin CHAPTER I: On Those Things by Which Animals Have Good Health and Grow Fat, and on Their Opposites, by Which They Grow Ill, Especially the Birds and Fish CHAPTER II: On the Illnesses and Thrivings of Quadrupedal Animals CHAPTER III: On Good Health and Defects in the Ringed Animals CHAPTER IV: On the Lands in Which Certain Genuses of Animals Prosper and Others Do Not CHAPTER V: On Change According to a Mixture of Various Animals through Copulation; Also on the Difference in Toxicity of Poisonous Animals According to Place and from the Fact That One Poisonous Animal Eats Another CHAPTER VI: On Good Health and Goodness in Shellfish [Ostrea], Crabs, and Fish CHAPTER I: A Digression Setting Forth the Division of Animals into Those That Breathe and Those That Do Not, Those That Dwell in Water and Those That Dwell on Land, As Well As Those That Are Midway between Them CHAPTER II: A Digression Setting Forth Why Each of the Animals Hunts the Food That Suits It and How Nature Prepares the Instruments for Each CHAPTER III: A Digression Setting Forth the Reason Why Certain Animals Hide for a Time Whereas Others Migrate CHAPTER IV: A Digression Setting Forth the Reason for the Renewal of Various Animals CHAPTER V: A Digression Setting Forth the Reason for Good Health or Defect in Animals and the Cause of Other Changes in Animals That Are Due to Place CHAPTER I: On the Accidents of the Souls of Animals, According to Which Their Habits and Battles Find Their Principles CHAPTER II: On the Fights Animals Have over Food, Home, and Young CHAPTER III: On the Natural Friendship and Enmity Certain Animals Have with One Another CHAPTER I: On the Stupidity and Prudence of Various Animals, and Especially on the Discretion of the Deer CHAPTER II: On the Prudence Animals Exhibit in Providing Medications against Diseases CHAPTER III: On the Greater Cleverness Whose Presence Is Noticed in the Activities of the Small Animals CHAPTER IV: On the Cleverness of the Large Birds in Arranging Their Watches. On Their Sagacity in Hunting Food and in Selecting Dwelling Places. CHAPTER V: On the Particular Sagacities of Many Small and Mid-Sized Birds Which They Do Not Have in Common CHAPTER VI: On the Sagacity of the Raven and of Vultures, by Which Dangers and the Destruction of Cities Are Predicted The Third Tract of the Eighth Book on Animals in Which Is Treated the Cunning and Cleverness of Sea Creatures, with the Entire Tract Contained in One Chapter CHAPTER I: On the Activities of Ants and Spiders CHAPTER II: On the Genuses of Bees and a Comparison of Them to Other Ringed Creatures and to One Another CHAPTER III: On the Ordering and Diversity of Activity of Bees in Their Making of Hives, Honey, and Wax CHAPTER IV: On the Order They Keep to in Working, and on Those Things That Are Harmful to Bees CHAPTER V: On the Wonderful Cleverness of Bees in the Sharing of Their Crafts, on the Division of Their Labor, and on the Skill Involved in Controlling Swarms of Bees CHAPTER VI: On the Differences among Wasps and on Their Work, Generation, and Lifestyle CHAPTER I: On the Habits of the Lion, in Which Mention Is Also Made of the Habits of the Wolf and of the Behavior of the Animal Called the Bonacus CHAPTER II: On the Habits of the Elephant, Camel, Horse, Dolphin, Hen, and Parrot CHAPTER III: On Changes of Habits and Shape Due to Castration of Animals CHAPTER IV: On the Differences in Animals with Respect to the Differences in Ruminating, Chattering, and Changing Their Colors According to Differences in Age and Seasons CHAPTER I: A Digression Setting Forth the Principles by Which Animals Variously Share in Prudence and Stupidity and on What This Prudence in Which They Share Is CHAPTER II: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Cause of the Liberal and Mechanical Activities Which Brute Animals Possess CHAPTER I: On the Signs of Puberty, When the Semen First Begins to Descend to the Groin CHAPTER II: On the Principle of Generation in the Human Which Is the Mature Sperm at around the Twenty-First Year of the Begetters CHAPTER III: On the Signs That Impregnation Has Occurred and on the Formation of the Conceptus CHAPTER IV: On Those Things Which Most Often Happen in Pregnant Women Whether They Be Pregnant with a Male or a Female CHAPTER V: On Twins, and on Those Who Have One Pregnancy after the Other and Those Who Do Not CHAPTER VI: On Variation in the Potential for Generating, with Respect to the Ages, Joinings, and Other Dispositions of the Ones Copulating CHAPTER VII: On the Way the Sperm Exits into the Womb, on the Way Animals’ Embryos Are Positioned in the Wombs of Their Mothers, and on the Formation of the Umbilicus CHAPTER VIII: On the Birth and Exit of the Embryo, on the Accidental Traits Common in the Birth of Animals, on the Cleansing That Occurs after Birth, and on Nursing the Child CHAPTER I: A Digression Making a Determination on Galen’s Sayings and Theories Concerning Conception and the Principles of Human Generation CHAPTER II: A Digression Stating the Weakness of Galen’s Statements and Theories CHAPTER III: Which Is a Digression Deciding Whether the Fluid Which a Woman Emits During Intercourse Can Be Called “Sperm” in Name and the True Sense of the Word, or Whether It Is So Called Only by an Equivocal Name and Not by the Same True Sense of the W CHAPTER IV: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Manner and Order of the Formation of the Members of the Embryo, Following the Wisdom of the Peripatetics, Which Contradicts the Things the Physicians Say CHAPTER V: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Time and Order in Which a Conceptum Is Formed into a Creature with the Appearance of a Human CHAPTER VI: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Reason for Twins and the Manner and Time of a Natural Birth CHAPTER I: On the Dispositions of the Womb Which Block Conception CHAPTER II: On the Impediments to Generation Which Exist on the Part of the Man As He Copulates or on the Part of the Incompatibility of the Two Sperms, Namely, That of the Man and the Woman CHAPTER III: That the Female Sperm, Even When It Does Not Aid in Generation, Is Still Called Sperm CHAPTER IV: On the Impediment to Generation Which Is Called a Mole of the Womb CHAPTER I: On the Causes of Sterility Considered on the Part of the Man or Woman or Both Together, in Which There Is Also a Part on the Signs of Sterility CHAPTER II: A Digression Setting Forth the Reason for and the Manner of a Mole of the Womb, and Also on the Reason for Miscarriage CHAPTER III: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth in General the Accidental Traits of a Pregnant Woman and the Formative Activities Which Pregnancy Produces in Seed Conceived by a Pregnant Woman, and on the Causes of a Male or Female Conceptus CHAPTER IV: Which Is a Digression Setting Forth the Hour of Birth, the Quality of Those Born at These Times, and the Reason for Difficulty in Birth
