Antenna Design for Mobile Devices

by Zhijun Zhang

Overview

Written by an antenna engineer turned professor who has worked at Apple, Nokia and Amphenol,Antenna Design for Mobile Devicesis a comprehensive guide for fresh and intermediate engineers involved in antenna design. The book instructs readers through all aspects of real world antenna designs, which includes how to make a stable antenna fixture, designing various types of antennas, designing an antenna with good manufacturability, using various matching technique to improve antenna performance, setting up production measurement for mass manufacturing, and making antenna SAR and HAC compliant. Most popular antenna categories, such as internal PIFA, integral IFA, internal folded monopole, ceramic antennas, stubby antennas and whip stubby antennas, are introduced in the book. The book focuses on the basic principle of each kind of antenna and emphasizes on key parameters of antenna optimization. Complimentary matching software, which accompanies the book, is provided so readers can practice various antenna matching technique and design matching circuits for real projects.

• A one-stop design reference containing all an engineer needs when designing antennas
• Accessible to readers of many levels, from introductory to specialist
• Presents shortcuts for engineers who lack antenna knowledge but need no-hassle techniques for designing simple antennas
• Contains hands-on knowledge not available in other books
• Written by a practicing expert who has hired and trained numerous engineers
• Incorporates the various techniques used by pure-play antenna firms, established mobile device brands, and new entrants to the mobile space
• Comes with antenna matching software written by the author, which can be used for practice and real-world projects
• Presentation slides with lecture notes available for instructor use

This book is targeted at practicing antenna engineers, particularly those focusing on mobile devices, as well as researchers and academics looking to keep up with this quick-changing field. Engineering managers will find it to be a helpful guide for teaching new hires, while new hires, by using the book themselves, will be able to quickly gain expert-level proficiencies. The book is also suitable for wireless network equipment engineers, who desire a stronger sense of antenna principles, as well as electronic engineering students studying electromagnetics. Readers should possess a basic undergraduate-level understanding of electromagnetic theory.
Companion website for the book:
wiley.com/go/zhangantenna

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780470828335
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	03/31/2011
Series:	IEEE Press
Sold by:	JOHN WILEY & SONS
Format:	eBook
Pages:	304
File size:	12 MB
Note:	This product may take a few minutes to download.

About the Author

Zhijun Zhang, Professor, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
He holds rich industry experience, with senior positions as an antenna development engineer at Amphenol T&M Antennas, Nokia, and Apple, giving him a perspective of design practices at a number of different players in the mobile segment. Prior to Tsinghua, his academic career included a postdoctoral fellowship and research professorship at the University of Utah, and a position as Assistant Researcher at the University of Hawaii, where he continues to serve as Adjunct Professor. Zhang earned a B.S. in Microwave Engineering and an M.S. in Applied Physics at the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu. He holds a PhD in Electronic Engineering from Tsinghua University.

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Table of Contents

About the Author x

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xii

Abbreviations xiii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 The Evolution of Mobile Antennas 2

1.2 How to Quantitatively Evaluate an Antenna 10

1.3 The Limits of Antenna Designs 12

1.4 The Trade-Offs in Antenna Designs 14

1.5 Mobile Communication and Band Allocations 16

1.6 Quickly Building a Simple Antenna—a Practical Example 18

References 27

2 Antenna Matching 28

2.1 The Smith Chart 29

2.2 Single-Band Matching 33

2.2.1 Matching with Lumped Elements 33

2.2.2 Different Ways to Accomplish a Single-Band Matching 36

2.2.3 Matching with Both Transmission Line and Lumped Elements 39

2.2.4 Bandwidth Consideration 42

2.3 Dual-Band Matching 50

2.4 Reconfigurable Matching 55

2.4.1 Reconfigurable Matching—Varactor-Based 55

2.4.2 Reconfigurable Matching—Switch-Based 60

References 63

3 External Antenna 65

3.1 Stubby Antennas 66

3.1.1 Single-Band Helix Stubby Antenna 67

3.1.2 Multiband Helix Stubby Antenna 86

3.1.3 Ultra-Wideband Stubby Antenna 109

3.2 Whip–Stubby (Retractable) Antenna 117

3.2.1 Decoupled Whip–Stubby Antenna 119

3.2.2 Semi-Decoupled Whip–Stubby Antenna 121

3.3 Meander Line Stubby Antenna 126

3.4 Effect of Ground Plane 131

References 136

4 Internal Antenna 138

4.1 Inverted-F Antenna 141

4.2 Planar IFA 146

4.2.1 Single-Band PIFA 146

4.2.2 Multiband PIFA Antenna with Slits 149

4.2.3 Multiband PIFA with Separate Branches 157

4.2.4 Multiband PIFA with Parasitic Element 158

4.2.5 Manufacturing PIFA Antenna 159

4.3 Folded Monopole Antenna 163

4.4 Loop Antenna 167

4.5 Ceramic Antenna 172

4.5.1 Monopole-Type Ceramic Antenna 173

4.5.2 IFA-Type Ceramic Antenna 176

4.5.3 Loop-Type Ceramic Antenna 177

4.6 Slot Antenna 179

4.7 Design a Hepta-Band Antenna with Multiple Radiators and Multiple Modes 185

4.8 Design a Reconfigurable Hepta-Band Antenna 191

4.9 MIMO Antennas 200

4.9.1 Explaining Capacity Boost Effect Through the Antenna Point of View 200

4.9.2 Antenna Correlation and Antenna Isolation 207

4.9.3 Improve Isolation Between Antennas 209

4.10 Antennas in Recently Released Phones 211

4.10.1 Entry-Level Phone 211

4.10.2 Flagship Phone 221

References 226

5 Antenna Measurement 229

5.1 Passive Antenna Measurement 229

5.1.1 Measurement on a Vector Network Analyzer 229

5.1.2 Fixture 234

5.1.3 Passive Chamber Measurement 246

5.2 Active Antenna (Over the Air) Measurement 253

5.2.1 EIRP, ERP, and TRP 253

5.2.2 EIS and TIS 256

5.2.3 Sensitivity Degradation Due to Interference 259

5.3 Antenna Measurements in the Production Line 262

5.4 Multiple Input and Multiple Output Antenna Test 271

References 275

6 Regulations Related to Antenna Engineers 276

6.1 Specific Absorption Rate 276

6.1.1 Definition and Measurement Method of SAR 277

6.1.2 SAR Limits in the United States and Europe 283

6.1.3 Controlling SAR 285

6.1.4 Updates on SAR Requirement 294

6.2 Hearing Aid Compatibility 296

6.2.1 HAC Measurement 296

6.2.2 HAC Specification in the United States 299

6.2.3 Updates on HAC Requirement 303

6.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility 304

References 305

Appendix: User Manual for ZJ_Antenna_Matching Software 307

Index 314