BLACK TIO2 NANOMATERIALS FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS

by Xiaobo Chen (Editor), Yi Cui (Editor)

Overview

'This book not only provides a fundamental technical background on black TiO2 and the synthesis of this material, it also covers state-of-the-art applications and will provide the reader with current information on property behavior and show the direction of the latest research for this interesting material for energy applications.'IEEE Electrical Insulation MagazineThe transformation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials from white to black using disorder engineering has meant a dramatic increase in their performance in photocatalytic experiments. The efficiency with which black TiO2 nanomaterials can use sunlight to split water molecules for the production of hydrogen is significantly improved compared to using white crystals, and this pure hydrogen can then be used in batteries and fuels. The black TiO2 nanomaterials are also very promising in CO2 conversion, water treatment, and in air quality control.This book aims to present the recent progress on the research of black TiO2 nanomaterials, and how they can be used in a number of clean energy applications. The text covers a number of research topics, including the synthesis of black TiO2 nanomaterials (nanoparticles, nanowires and nanotubes) and their properties, the effect of point defects and ordered/disordered morphology, the applications in charge storage and photoelectrochemical water splitting, use in lithium ion batteries and in microwave absorption. Also included is a theoretical analysis of this research, thereby providing a comprehensive review of the subject for students, researchers and practitioners in catalytic science, materials science, nanotechnology, green technology, and chemistry.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781786341679
Publisher:	World Scientific Publishing Europe Ltd
Publication date:	12/08/2016
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	332
File size:	12 MB
Note:	This product may take a few minutes to download.

Table of Contents

Preface v

About the Editors ix

1 Introduction Xiaobo Chen Yi Cui 1

2 Synthesis and Properties of Hydrogenated Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials Xiaodong Yan Lihong Tian Xiaobo Chen 5

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Synthesis of Hydrogenated Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials 7

2.2.1 Hydrogenation in High-Pressure Hydrogen 7

2.2.2 Hydrogenation in Atmospheric-Pressure Hydrogen 13

2.2.3 Hydrogen Plasma Treatment 17

2.3 Properties of Block TiO₂ Nanomaterials 20

2.3.1 Surface Structure and Chemical Bonding 20

2.3.1.1 Surface disorder 20

2.3.1.2 Oxygen vacancy 22

2.3.1.3 Ti-OH 24

2.3.1.4 Ti-H 25

2.3.1.5 Ti³⁺ 26

2.3.2 Electronic Properties 27

2.3.3 Optical Properties 28

2.4 Summary and Prospective 29

Acknowledgments 30

References 30

3 Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials Through Electrochemical and Mechanical Methods Haidong Bian Chris Lee Hui Li Jian Lu Yang Yang Li 33

3.1 Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials Through Electrochemical Method 33

3.2 Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials Through Mechanical Methods 40

3.2.1 Ball Milling for Treating Powdered TiO₂ 41

3.2.2 Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment for Treating TiO₂ Nanostructures 41

3.2.3 Other Strain-Related Methods 44

3.3 Summary and Prospective 44

Acknowledgments 44

References 44

4 The Effect of Points Defects and Ordered/ Disordered Morphology on the Electronic and Structural Features in Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials Vladimiro Dal Santo Alberto Naldoni 49

4.1 Electronic Singularities in Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials 49

4.1.1 VB-Edge Modification 53

4.1.2 Electronic Transitions Due to Intragap States 56

4.1.3 H.N Doping 57

4.2 Structural Properties of Black TiO₂ 58

4.2.1 Core-Shell Nanoparticles 58

4.2.2 Black TiO₂ Nanowires and Nanobelts 64

4.2.3 Black TiO₂ Nanotubcs Arrays 67

4.2.4 Black TiO₂ Thin Films 68

4.2.5 Black TiO₂ Mcsoporous Structures 71

4.3 Concluding Remarks 72

References 73

5 The Black and White Issue of Nanotitania Guilian Zhu Tao Xu Fuqiang Huang 77

5.1 Reasons for the Black: Structural and Chemical Changes 78

5.2 Properties of the Black and White TiO₂89

5.3 Synthetic Methods to Obtain Black TiO₂92

5.3.1 Hydrogen Thermal Treatment Methods 92

5.3.2 Chemical Reduction Methods 94

5.3.3 Electrochemical Reduction Methods 96

5.3.4 Chemical Oxidation Methods 98

5.3.5 Other Methods 101

5.4 Performance and Applications of Black TiO₂101

5.4.1 Photocatalysis 102

5.4.2 Photoelectrochemical Sensor 105

5.4.3 Photothermal Application 106

5.4.4 Catalysis 107

5.4.5 Lithium Rechargeable Battery 107

5.4.6 Super capacitors 110

5.4.7 Other Applications 111

References 111

6 Theoretical Analysis Related to Black Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials Lei Liu 119

6.1 Introduction 119

6.2 Structural Polymorphs of TiO₂ and their Electronic Band Structures 121

6.3 Factors Affecting (or "tuning") the Electronic Band Structure of TiO₂ 132

6.3.1 Intrinsic Defects 132

6.3.2 Doping 134

6.3.3 Surface and Interface Effects 137

6.3.4 Amorphous/Disordered Phases 138

6.4 Lattice Strain Effects 139

6.5 Nanosize Effects 140

6.6 Theoretical Analysis on Black TiO₂ 142

6.7 Summary 149

References 150

7 Black Titania Coatings: Fabrication Process and Photoelectrochemical/Photocatalytic Properties Tomohiko Nakajima Tetsuo Tsuchiya 153

7.1 Overview of Black Titania Coating Process 153

7.2 Hydrogenated TiO₂ Photoelectrode Coatings 158

7.3 Oxygen Deficient TiO_2-x Photoelectrode Coatings 165

7.4 Concluding Remarks 184

References 185

8 Hydrogen-Treated TiO₂ Nanowires for Charge Storage and Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Gongming Wang Xihong Lu Yat Li 189

8.1 Introduction of Hydrogen-Treated TiO₂ (Black TiO₂) 189

8.2 Hydrogen-Treated TiO₂ Nanowire Arrays for PEC Water Splitting 192

8.2.1 Hydrogen-Treated Rutile TiO₂ Nanowire Arrays 192

8.2.2 Hydrogen-Treated TiO₂ Shows Improved Efficiency of Charge Separation 195

8.2.3 Synergistic Effect Between Hydrogen Treatment and Element Doping 199

8.3 Hydrogen-Treated TiO₂ Nanowire Arrays for Supercapacitor Applications 202

8.3.1 Hydrogen-Treated TiO₂ as Supercapacitor Electrode 202

8.3.2 Hydrogen-Treated TiO₂ Nanowire Arrays as Supports for Hybrid SC Electrodes 206

8.4 Conclusion and Perspective 208

References 209

9 Rationalizing the Efficiency of Hydrogen-Treated TiO₂ Nanomaterials in Light Driven Water-Splitting Applications Mark Forster Alexander J. Cowan 215

9.1 Introduction 215

9.1.1 Wireless Particulate Photocatalysis 216

9.1.2 Photoeleotrochemical Water Splitting 218

9.2 Titanium Dioxide 222

9.3 Core-Shell Black TiO₂ 224

9.4 The Role of Oxygen Vacancies in Hydrogen-Treated TiO₂ 229

9.4.1 Surface Reaction Kinetics in Oxygen Deficient TiO₂ 241

9.5 Future Directions for Hydrogen-Treated TiO₂ 243

References 244

10 Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries Laifa Shen Shengyang Dong Xiaogang Zhang Guozhong Cao 249

10.1 Introduction of Lithium Ion Batteries 249

10.2 Mechanism and Advantages of Black TiO₂ for LIBs 251

10.2.1 Mechanism of the Lithium-Ion Storage in TiO₂ 251

10.2.2 The Advantages of Black TiO₂ for LIBs 253

10.3 Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials for LIBs 257

10.3.1 Vacuum Assisted Synthesis of Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials for LIBs 257

10.3.2 Hydrogenation Synthesis of Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials for LIBs 258

10.3.3 Nitridation Synthesis of Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials for LIBs 264

10.3.4 Sulfuration Synthesis of Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials for LIBs 268

10.4 Summary and Outlook 269

References 270

11 Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Zheng Liang Xinyong Tao Yi Cui 275

11.1 Introduction 275

11.2 Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials in Li-S System 278

11.2.1 Fabrication of Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials and the Composite Electrode for Li-S Batteries 278

11.2.2 Properties of Black TiO₂ Nanomaterials 281

11.2.2.1 The presence of Ti³⁺ species and oxygen vacancies 282

11.2.2.2 The structural disorder on surfaces of black TiO₂ and surface absorption of sulfur/polysulfides species 284

11.2.2.3 The electrochemical and mechanical stability of black TiO₂ nanomaterials in Li-S batteries 287

11.3 Case Studies of Black TiO₂ in Li- S Batteries 287

11.3.1 Application Example-1: "Sulfur Cathodes with Hydrogen Reduced Titanium Dioxide Inverse Opal Structure" 288

11.3.2 Application Example-2: "Strong Sulfur Binding with Conducting Magneli-Phase Ti_nO_2n-1 Nanomaterials for Improving Lithium -Sulfur Batteries" 292

11.3.3 Application Example-3: "Surface-Enhanced Redox Chemistry of Polysulfides on a Metallic and Polar Host for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries" 295

11.3.4 Application Example-4: "Hierarchical Sulfur-Impregnated Hydrogenated TiO₂ Mesoporous Spheres Comprising Anatase Nanosheets with Highly Exposed (001) Facets for Advanced Li-S Batteries" 298

11.4 Challenges and Outlooks 299

11.5 Summary 300

References 300

Index 305