Chemistry of Carbon Nanostructures
330
Chemistry of Carbon Nanostructures
330Overview
Chemistry of Carbon Nanostructures aims to present the current state-of-the-art synthesis and application of carbon materials like nano diamonds, ribbons and graphene-like structures in science and engineering. Edited by Professor Klaus Müllen, who received the Adolf von Bayer Medal for his contribution to Carbon Chemistry, and Xinliang Feng, this book combines outstanding contributions by a renowned international team of experts.
The authors discuss chemical aspects of carbon nanostructures, their synthesis, functionalization and design strategies for defi ned applications. Recent advances in carbon nanomembranes, molecule-assisted ultrasound-induced liquid-phase exfoliation of graphene, and solution synthesis of graphene nanoribbons and biological application of nanodiamonds are highlighted topics.
This book provides an excellent reference on the chemistry of carbon nanostructures for Chemists, Materials Scientists, Condensed-matter Physicists, Surface Scientists, and Engineers.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9783110381627 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | De Gruyter |
| Publication date: | 06/12/2017 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 330 |
| File size: | 80 MB |
| Note: | This product may take a few minutes to download. |
| Age Range: | 18 Years |
About the Author
Klaus Muellen and Xinliang Feng, MPI for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors ix
1 Carbon Nanomembranes 1
1.1 Molecular Mechanisms of Electron-Induced Cross-Linking 5
1.2 Tuning of CNM's Properties on a Molecular Level 12
Acknowledgments 25
References 25
2 Controlled Functionalization of Graphene by Oxo-addends 30
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 History of GO and Graphite Oxide 31
2.3 Structure of GO 32
2.3.1 Considerations about the Structure of GO 33
2.4 Nomenclature of Functionalized Graphene 34
2.5 Oxo-Functionalized Graphene 34
2.5.1 Oxo-G1 from Graphite 35
2.5.2 Oxo-G1from Graphite Sulfate 36
2.5.3 Organosulfate in Oxo-G1 and GO 37
2.6 Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene, GO and Oxo-G1 38
2.6.1 Raman Spectra of Graphene 39
2.6.2 Raman Spectra of Graphene with Defects 40
2.6.3 Raman Spectra of GO, rGO, Oxo-G1 and Related Graphene 40
2.6.4 SRS and Microscopy 41
2.7 Conventional Chemistry of GO 42
2.7.1 Non-Covalent and Covalent Approaches 43
2.7.2 Considerations about Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation 48
2.8 Controlled Oxo-Functionalization of Graphene 50
2.8.1 Stability of GO 50
2.8.2 Stability of Oxo-G1 53
2.8.3 Reduction of Oxo-G1 54
2.8.4 Synthetic Modification of Oxo-G1 56
2.9 Conclusions 60
References 61
3 Chemical Synthesis of Cycloparaphenylenes 67
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Synthetic Efforts toward CPPs 67
3.3 Synthetic Strategies toward CPPs 70
3.4 Synthesis of [5]-[12] and [18]CPP Bertozzi Jasti 71
3.5 Synthesis of [7]-[16]CPP Itami 74
3.5.1 Synthesis of [5]-[13] and [16]CPP Yamago 78
3.6 Synthesis of Armchair Carbon Nanorings 82
3.6.1 Synthesis of Chiral and Zigzag Carbon Nanorings 89
3.7 Synthesis of Heteroatom-Containing Carbon Nanorings 91
3.8 Synthesis of Carbon Nanocages 94
3.9 Summary 98
References 98
4 Controlled Chemical Synthesis in CVD Graphene 104
4.1 Introduction 104
4.2 Layer Number Control 106
4.2.1 Layer Number Control on Ni Substrate 106
4.2.2 Bilayer Graphene and Stacking on Cu Substrate 118
4.3 Large-Sized Single-Crystal Graphene on Cu Substrate 123
4.3.1 Substrate 123
4.3.2 Growth Parameters 128
4.4 Direct Growth on Insulating Substrates 131
4.5 Doping 133
4.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 134
References 136
5 Chemical Functionalization of Graphene Family Members 146
5.1 Graphene 146
5.1.1 Covalent Functionalization Reactions 147
5.1.2 Non-covalent Functionalization Reactions 153
5.2 Graphene oxide 154
5.2.1 Covalent Functionalization Reactions 155
5.2.2 Non-covalent Functionalization Reactions 159
5.3 Reduced GO 159
5.3.1 Covalent Functionalization 160
5.3.2 Non-covalent Functionalization Reactions 160
5.4 Characterization of Graphene Family Members 161
5.4.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 161
5.4.2 Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy 161
5.4.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 162
5.4.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy 163
5.4.5 Raman spectroscopy 164
5.4.6 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 165
5.4.7 Thermogravimetric Analysis 165
5.5 Conclusions 166
Acknowledgments 167
References 167
6 Graphene via Molecule-Assisted Ultrasound-Induced Liquid-Phase Exfoliation: A Supramolecular Approach 173
6.1 Introduction 173
6.2 Ultrasound-Induced Liquid Phase Exfoliation 174
6.3 Molecule-Assisted UILPE 177
6.3.1 Dispersions in Aqueous Solutions 177
6.3.2 Graphene Dispersions in Organic Solvents 183
6.4 Conclusion 185
Acknowledgments 186
References 186
7 Solution Synthesis of Atomically Precise Graphene Nanoribbons 194
7.1 Introduction 194
7.2 Structure of Solution-Synthesized GNRs 198
7.3 Synthetic Approaches Toward Atomically Precise GNRs 201
7.3.1 Suzuki Coupling 201
7.3.2 Yamamoto Coupling 201
7.3.3 Diels-Alder Reaction 203
7.3.4 Planarization of Synthesized Polymers 204
7.3.5 Alternative Approaches 205
7.4 Chemical Modification 206
7.4.1 Nitrogen Doping 207
7.4.2 Edge Chlorination 209
7.5 Characterization Techniques for Solution-Synthesized GNRs 209
7.6 Challenges in Solution-Based Synthesis of GNRs 215
7.6.1 Solubility 216
7.6.2 Isomerization 217
7.7 Summary and Future Outlook 219
References 220
8 Nanodiamonds for Biological Applications 226
8.1 Introduction 226
8.2 Biocompatibility of NDs 226
8.2.1 In Vitro Biocompatibility Evaluation of NDs 227
8.2.2 In Vivo Biocompatibility Evaluation of NDs 228
8.3 Surface Coating for Improving ND Stability and Biocompatibility in Biological Environments 229
8.3.1 Covalent Coating of NDs 229
8.3.2 Non-covalent Coating of NDs 231
8.3.3 Silica Coating 233
8.4 Functionalization of NDs with Biomolecules 234
8.4.1 Introduction of Proteins onto NDs 234
8.4.2 Modification of DNA on NDs 235
8.4.3 Self-Assembled NDs on Bionanostructures 235
8.5 ND for Drug delivery 237
8.5.1 Drug Delivery with Detonation ND Clusters 237
8.5.2 Drug Delivery with Polymer-Modified NDs 239
8.6 NDs for Imaging and Biosensing 240
8.6.1 Fluorescence Imaging with NDs 243
8.6.2 NDs as Nanoscale Magnetometer 243
8.6.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Hyperpolarized NDs 246
8.7 Conclusions 247
Acknowledgments 248
References 248
9 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons with an Open-Shell Ground State 253
9.1 Introduction 253
9.2 Quinodimethane-Based Open-Shell Polycyclic Hydrocarbons 256
9.2.1 o-QDM-Embedded Diradicaloids 256
9.2.2 m-Xylylene-Based Systems 257
9.2.3 p-QDM-Embedded Systems and Its π-Extended Derivatives 259
9.3 Open-Shell Anthenes and Peri-Fused Acenes 265
9.3.1 Anthenes 265
9.3.2 Periacenes 267
9.4 Phenalenyl-Based Open-Shell PHs 270
9.4.1 Phenalenyl-Based Monoradicals 270
9.4.2 Phenalenyl-Based Diradicaloids 275
9.5 Miscellaneous Open-Shell PHs 281
9.6 Conclusion 282
Acknowledgments 283
References 283
10 Synthesis and Use of Reactive Molecular Precursors for the Preparation of Carbon Nanomaterlals 289
10.1 Introduction 289
10.2 Reactivity of Oligoynes 291
10.3 Synthetic Approaches toward Oligoynes 292
10.4 Carbonization of Non-Preorganized Oligoynes 296
10.5 Topochemical Polymerization of Oligoynes 299
10.6 Self-Assembly and Carbonization of Functionalized Oligoynes 301
10.7 Conclusions and Outlook 307
Acknowledgments 308
References 308
Index 315