Table of Contents
Preface 9
Representations 13
Work the Network: Associative Networks 14
Covering the Spread: Spreading Activation 18
Rework the Network: Semantic Networks 21
Have You Gone Mental?: Mental Models 23
The Mental Tool Rack: Scripts and Schemas 26
Getting Out of Your Head: External Cognition 30
Rolling in the Deep: Explanatory Depth 35
Attention and Perception 39
Upside-down Cake: Top-down vs. Bottom-up Processing 40
Priming the Pump: Semantic & Perceptual Priming 45
The Myth of Multitasking: Serial Attention 49
Automatic Systematic Habit: Automaticity 52
Types of Memories 57
Midnight in the Garden of Encoding and Retrieval: Memory Models 58
Rack 'Em and Crack 'Em: Free vs. Cued Recall 62
The Memory Half-Pipe: Primacy and Recency Effects 66
A Distinction with a Difference: Declarative and Procedural Knowledge 69
Hiking Through Hell Valley: Episodic vs. Semantic Memories 73
Models of Memories 77
Better Call Saul!: Memory Scanning 78
Memory Hacks: The Memory Palace 82
Crunched for Space: Working Memory Capacity & Chunking 85
They Call Me the Working Man: Working Memory (Part 1) 88
They Call Me the Working Man: Working Memory (Part 2) 92
Smile for the Camera!: Flashbulb Memories 95
Put It in the Vault: Permastore 99
Crash into Me(mory): Memory Is an Active, Reconstructive Process 103
Mirror, Mirror: Memory as a Reflection of the Environment 107
Problem Solving 113
What's Your Problem?: Routine vs. Insight Problem Solving 114
This is This and That is That: Isomorphic Representations 118
To the Ends of the Hills: Problem-solving Heuristics 123
Stuck in a Rut: Einstellung and Mental Set 127
Learning 131
The Double Wide: Dual-Coding Theory 132
There and Back Again: Near and Far Transfer 136
The Thin Red Line: Precise Elaboration 140
Like Livers and Lizards: The Generation Effect 144
Target Acquired!: Cognitive Skill Acquisition 147
You Got Some Explaining To Do!: Self-Explaining 152
The Pain Teaches Me: Desirable Difficulties 157
If the Shoe Fits: The Instructional Fit Hypothesis 161
Non-Cognitive Factors 165
What Was I Thinking!: Metacognition 166
The Shape of an "L": Mindset 169
The Sandpaper Theory of Success: Grit 172
Doin' the Bull Dance. Feelin' the Flow: Flow 175
Getting Off the Couch: Motivation 179
Achievement Unlocked!: Intrinsic Motivation 183
Your Place or Mine?: Transactive Memory 186
Oops!: The Fundamental Attribution Error 189
Expertise 193
You Don't Know Jack: Expertise 194
Getting to Carnegie Hall: Deliberate Practice 198
Batter Up!: The Downside of Expertise: Part 1 202
Check and Mate!: The Downside of Expertise: Part 2 206
Through the Rearview Mirror: In Conclusion 211
Acknowledgements 215
About the Author 215
Glossary 217
Index 229
