Derivation and Use of Environmental Quality and Human Health Standards for Chemical Substances in Water and Soil / Edition 1

by Mark Crane, Peter Matthiessen, Dawn Stretton Maycock, Graham Merrington, Paul Whitehouse

Overview

A balanced, comprehensive overview of Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), Derivation and Use of Environmental Quality and Human Health Standards for Chemical Substances in Water and Soil addresses the selection and prioritization of substances for standard derivation. With integrated content and up-to-date information on assessment of regulations that affect the derivation and use of EQS, it examines the derivation of these standards and their implementation to protect human health and the environment.

The book is based on contributions from thirty-five scientists, regulators, and policy makers from eleven countries with individual expertise across disciplines such as risk assessment, environmental, health, economic, and social sciences. These scientists summarize current knowledge on aquatic and terrestrial environmental quality standards, placing these standards in a wider socioeconomic and regulatory context. The book explains how to derive environmental standards that are defensible from a scientific and socioeconomic perspective. Using multidisciplinary techniques applicable to water, sediments, and soils; the text demonstrates how to select the best form and derivation method relative to individual environmental standards.

The book presents an in-depth examination of when, where, and how to implement environmental standards based on the social and economic context. It includes detailed coverage of technical approaches that shed light on the derivation and implementation of EQSs. It also identifies future research that will help to underpin the science of environmental and human health standards.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780367384852
Publisher:	Taylor & Francis
Publication date:	09/19/2019
Edition description:	Reprint
Pages:	168
Product dimensions:	6.12(w) x 9.19(h) x (d)

About the Author

Mark Crane, Peter Matthiessen, Dawn Stretton Maycock, Graham Merrington, Paul Whitehouse

Table of Contents

List of Figures xiii

List of Tables xv

Acknowledgments xvii

About the Editors xix

Workshop Participants xxi

Chapter 1 Introduction Mark Crane Martien Janssen Peter Matthiessen Steve Maund Graham Merrington Paul Whitehouse 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Workshop Objectives and Topics 2

References 4

Chapter 2 Setting Environmental Standards within a Socioeconomic Context Andrew Farmer Robert Lee Stefania Loutseti Kieron Stanley Jacqui Warinton Paul Whitehouse 5

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Social and Economic Context 5

2.2.1 Economic Analysis 5

2.2.2 Social Aspects of Standard Setting 6

2.3 Typological Issues in Understanding Standards 6

2.3.1 Introduction 6

2.3.2 Why Does Terminology Matter? 7

2.3.3 Why Are Different Types of Standards Necessary? 8

2.3.3.1 Standards for Different Purposes 8

2.3.3.2 Selecting the Right Standard for the Job 8

2.4 Framework for Deriving a New Standard 11

2.4.1 Problem Formulation 12

2.4.1.1 Why Is a Standard Needed? 13

2.4.1.2 Who Needs to Be Involved? 13

2.4.1.3 Constraints 15

2.4.1.4 Social and Economic Questions 16

2.4.1.5 Stakeholder Analyses 17

2.4.1.6 Check Rejection Criteria 17

2.4.2 Developing a Specification 18

2.4.2.1 Scope 19

2.4.2.2 Form of the Standard 19

2.4.2.3 Monitoring 20

2.4.2.4 Consideration of Costs and Benefits 21

2.4.3 Deriving a Standard 22

2.4.3.1 Integrating Scientific, Social, and Economic Factors 23

2.4.3.2 Understanding the Relationship between Exposure and Effects 23

2.4.4 Implementation of Standards 25

2.4.4.1 Meeting a Standard 26

2.4.4.2 Allowing Flexibility 26

2.4.4.3 Taking Socioeconomic Factors into Account 27

2.4.4.4 Importance of Feedback 28

2.5 Some Final Thoughts 28

References 29

Chapter 3 How Should an Environmental Standard Be Implemented? Mark Crane Bernard Fisher Chris Leake Paul Nathanail Adam Peters Bill Stubblefield Tony Warn 31

3.1 Introduction 31

3.2 Types and Uses of Standards 31

3.3 Essential Features that Allow Implementation of a Standard 36

3.3.1 Using Standards to Guide Decision Making 36

3.3.1.1 Absolute Limits versus Ideal Standards 36

3.3.1.2 "Ideal Standard" 37

3.3.2 Compliance Issues 38

3.3.3 Application of Ideal Standards to Other Media 41

3.4 Other Implementation Issues 43

3.4.1 Geographical Scope of Standards 43

3.4.2 Background Levels 43

3.4.3 Forcing Technological Innovation 44

3.4.4 Verification and Review of Standards 44

3.4.5 Implementation Analysis Report 45

Notes 46

References 46

Chapter 4 Water and Sediment EQS Derivation and Application Peter Matthiessen Marc Babut Graeme Batley Mark Douglas John Fawell Udo Hommen Thomas H. Hutchinson Martien Janssen Dawn Maycock Mary Reiley Uwe Schneider Lennart Weltje 47

4.1 Introduction 47

4.2 Specification and Recording of EQS Derivation Procedures 50

4.3 Selection and Evaluation of Data for Deriving Water and Sediment EQSs 51

4.3.1 Selection and Prioritization of Substances for EQS Setting 51

4.3.2 Types of Data 51

4.3.2.1 Species Selection 51

4.3.2.2 Test Endpoints 51

4.3.2.3 Algal Tests 54

4.3.2.4 Sediment-Dwelling Organisms 55

4.3.3 Data Validity 55

4.3.4 Data Requirements of Different EQS Assessment Methods 55

4.3.5 Use of Toxic Body Burdens for Assessing Sediment Toxicity 61

4.4 Derivat ion of EQSs 61

4.4.1 Available Methods 61

4.4.1.1 Standard Test Species Approach 62

4.4.1.2 Species Sensitivity Distributions 64

4.4.1.3 Predictions from Model Ecosystem (Microcosm and Mesocosm) Data 66

4.4.2 Selection of the Most Appropriate PNEC or EQS Derivation Method 67

4.4.3 Corrections for Bioavailability 67

4.5 Short- (MAC) and Long-Term (AA) EQSs and Implications of Exceedance 68

4.6 Marine and Freshwater EQS Derivation 69

4.6.1 Need for Separate Marine and Freshwater Standards 69

4.6.2 Marine Toxicity Data Requirements 72

4.6.3 Substitution of Freshwater for Marine Data (and Vice Versa) 72

4.7 Use of Microcosm, Mesocosm, and Field Data 72

4.7.1 Introduction to Microcosm and Mesocosm Tests 72

4.7.2 Use of Microcosm, Mesocosm, and Field Studies for EQS Setting 73

4.7.2.1 Use of Existing Studies 73

4.7.2.2 Use of New Microcosm and Mesocosm Studies 74

4.8 Calculated Estimates of Toxicity 74

4.9 Background Contamination by Naturally Occurring Substances 76

4.9.1 Metals 76

4.9.1.1 Identifying Background Concentrations 76

4.9.1.2 Modifying Metal EQSs to Account for Background 78

4.9.2 Other Substances 78

4.10 Protection of the Human and Wildlife Food Chains from Aquatic Contaminants 79

4.10.1 Protection of the Food Chain - Humans and Wildlife 79

4.10.1.1 Humans 79

4.10.1.2 Wildlife 80

4.10.2 Protection of Drinking Water 81

4.10.3 Protection of Recreational Water 81

4.11 Consideration of Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Reproductive Toxicity, Including Endocrine Disruption 82

4.11.1 Background to Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Reproductive Toxicity 82

4.11.2 Carcinogens, Mutagens, and Aquatic Organisms 83

4.11.2.1 Population Perspective 83

4.11.2.2 Deriving PNECs for Genotoxins 83

4.11.2.3 Genotoxicity Assessment Methods 84

4.11.3 Reproductive Toxins, Endocrine Disrupters, and Aquatic Organisms 84

4.11.3.1 Population Perspective 84

4.11.3.2 Reproductive Toxicity and PNEC Derivation 84

4.11.3.3 Reproductive and Sexual Development Toxicity Assessment Tools 85

4.12 Validation, Implementation, and Review of Aquatic EQSs 87

4.12.1 Validation of Aquatic EQSs 87

4.12.1.1 Validation of Correct Derivation 87

4.12.1.2 Validation of EQS in the Field 87

4.12.2 Validation Procedures 88

4.12.3 Use of Microcosm, Mesocosm, and Field Studies for Validation Purposes 89

4.12.4 Criteria for Triggering a Review of an Established EQS 90

4.13 Conclusions 92

4.14 Recommendations 94

Notes 95

References 95

Chapter 5 Derivation and Use of Environmental Quality and Human Health Standards for Chemical Substances in Groundwater and Soil Graham Merrington Sandra Boekhold Amparo Haro Katja Knauer Kees Romijn Norman Sawatsky Ilse Schoeters Rick Stevens Frank Swartjes 105

5.1 Introduction and Scope 105

5.2 Starting Point for the Development of a Terrestrial or Groundwater Standard 106

5.3 Further Considerations in Soil Quality Standard Setting 109

5.4 Prioritization 109

5.5 Exposure Models - Use in Standard Setting 110

5.6 Ecological Endpoints 113

5.7 Relevance and Reliability of Data 114

5.7.1 Selection of Data prior to Standard Setting for Data-Rich Substances 114

5.7.2 Use of Surrogate Data for Data-Poor Substances 115

5.8 Assessment Factors - Extrapolation and Soil Quality Standard Derivation 115

5.9 Availability and Bioavailability 117

5.9.1 Ecological Risk Assessment 117

5.9.2 Human Health Risk Assessment 118

5.9.3 Groundwater 119

5.10 Background Concentrations 119

5.10.1 Added Soil Quality Standard Approach 120

5.10.2 Refinement of the Total Soil Quality Standard Approach 121

5.10.2.1 SSD Approach 121

5.10.2.2 Correcting the Quality Standard for Differences in Chemical Availability 122

5.10.2.3 Correcting the Quality Standard for Differences in Bioavailability 122

5.11 Verification of the Standard 122

5.11.1 How to Validate? 123

5.12 Conclusions 124

Note 125

References 125

Chapter 6 Workshop Conclusions and Recommendations Mark Crane Dawn Maycock Graham Merrington 127

Index 133