Electrochromic Materials and Devices

by Roger J. Mortimer (Editor), David R. Rosseinsky (Editor), Paul M. S. Monk (Editor)

Overview

Electrochromic materials can change their properties under the influence of an electrical voltage or current. Different classes of materials show this behavior such as transition metal oxides, conjugated polymers, metal-coordinated complexes and organic molecules. As the color change is persistent, the electric field needs only to be applied to initiate the switching, allowing for applications such as low-energy consumption displays, light-adapting mirrors in the automobile industry and smart windows for which the amount of transmitted light and heat can be controlled.

The first part of this book describes the different classes and processing techniques of electrochromic materials. The second part highlights nanostructured electrochromic materials and device fabrication, and the third part focuses on the applications such as smart windows, adaptive camouflage, biomimicry, wearable displays and fashion. The last part rounds off the book by device case studies and environmental impact issues.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9783527679874
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	07/23/2015
Sold by:	JOHN WILEY & SONS
Format:	eBook
Pages:	672
File size:	40 MB
Note:	This product may take a few minutes to download.

About the Author

Paul M. S. Monk received his PhD in the electrochemistry of novel electrochromic viologen species at Exeter University in 1989. A postdoctoral research fellow position (1989-91) at the University of Aberdeen, in Scotland, was followed by lecturing positions in Physical Chemistry at Manchester Polytechnic (1991-2) then Manchester Metropolitan University (1992-2007). He is currently employed as a Vicar in an inner-city parish in Oldham, Greater Manchester, UK.

Roger J. Mortimer was Professor in Physical Chemistry at Loughborough University between 2006 and his untimely death in 2015. He graduated from Imperial College London with a PhD in heterogeneous catalysis at sold-liquid interfaces. After a postdoctoral research fellowship (1980-81) and visiting associate in chemistry (1988) at the California Institute of Technology, he became demonstrator and a Research Assistant at Exeter University. Lecturing positions in Physical Chemistry ensued at Anglia Ruskin University (1984-87) and Analytical Chemistry at Sheffield Hallam University (1987-89), followed by his appointment as a Lecturer in Physical Chemistry at Loughborough University in 1989.

David R. Rosseinsky is an Emeritus Professor and Honorary Research Fellow in Physics at Exeter University, having been Reader in Physical Chemistry there from 1979-1998. After Rhodes University he pursued studies leading to PhD then DSc on charge transfer interactions at Manchester University. Following a sojourn at the University of Pennsylvania, from 1959 he became a lecturer at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg and in 1961, lecturer at Exeter University. With his ex research-student H Kellawi (by then Prof at Damascus University, on sabbatical), they studied Prussian blue and other electrochromic systems, extended in an invited appointment to SIMTech, Singapore, 2000-2002.

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Table of Contents

Preface xix

Acknowledgements xxi

List of Contributors xxiii

Part I Electrochromic Materials and Processing 1

1 Electrochromic Metal Oxides: An Introduction to Materials and Devices 3
Claes-Göran Granqvist

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Some Notes on History and Early Applications 5

1.3 Overview of Electrochromic Oxides 6

1.4 Transparent Electrical Conductors and Electrolytes 23

1.5 Towards Devices 30

1.6 Conclusions 33

Acknowledgement 33

References 33

2 Electrochromic Materials Based on Prussian Blue and Other Metal Metallohexacyanates 41
David R. Rosseinsky and Roger J. Mortimer

2.1 The Electrochromism of Prussian Blue 41

2.2 Metal Metallohexacyanates akin to Prussian Blue 48

2.3 Copper Hexacyanoferrate 49

References 50

3 Electrochromic Materials and Devices Based on Viologens 57
Paul M. S. Monk, David R. Rosseinsky, and Roger J. Mortimer

3.1 Introduction, Naming and Previous Studies 57

3.2 Redox Chemistry of Bipyridilium Electrochromes 58

3.3 Physicochemical Considerations for Including Bipyridilium Species in ECDs 61

3.4 Exemplar Bipyridilium ECDs 72

3.5 Elaborations 78

References 81

4 Electrochromic Devices Based on Metal Hexacyanometallate/Viologen Pairings 91
Kuo-Chuan Ho, Chih-Wei Hu, and Thomas S. Varley

4.1 Introduction 91

4.2 Hybrid (Solid-with-Solution) Electrochromic Devices 93

4.3 All-Solid Electrochromic Devices 97

4.4 Other Metal Hexacyanometallate-Viologen-Based ECDs 104

4.5 Prospects for Metal Hexacyanometallate-Viologen-Based ECDs 105

References 106

5 Conjugated Electrochromic Polymers: Structure-Driven Colour and Processing Control 113
Aubrey L. Dyer, Anna M. Österholm, D. Eric Shen, Keith E. Johnson, and John R. Reynolds

5.1 Introduction and Background 113

5.2 Representative Systems 123

5.3 Processability of Electrochromic Polymers 152

5.4 Summary and Perspective 168

Acknowledgements 169

References 169

6 Electrochromism within Transition-Metal Coordination Complexes and Polymers 185
Yu-Wu Zhong

6.1 Electronic Transitions and Redox Properties of Transition-Metal Complexes 185

6.2 Electrochromism in Reductively Electropolymerised Films of Polypyridyl Complexes 187

6.3 Electrochromism in Oxidatively Electropolymerised Films of Transition-Metal Complexes 192

6.4 Electrochromism in Self-Assembled or Self-Adsorbed Multilayer Films of Transition-Metal Complexes 196

6.5 Electrochromism in Spin-Coated or Drop-Cast Thin Films of Transition-Metal Complexes 200

6.6 Conclusion and Outlook 204

Acknowledgements 205

References 205

7 Organic Near-Infrared Electrochromic Materials 211
Bin Yao, Jie Zhang, and Xinhua Wan

7.1 Introduction 211

7.2 Aromatic Quinones 212

7.3 Aromatic Imides 216

7.4 Anthraquinone Imides 218

7.5 Poly(triarylamine)s 221

7.6 Conjugated Polymers 228

7.7 Other NIR Electrochromic Materials 235

7.8 Conclusion 236

References 237

8 Metal Hydrides for Smart-Window Applications 241
Kazuki Yoshimura

8.1 Switchable-Mirror Thin Films 241

8.2 Optical Switching Property 242

8.3 Switching Durability 243

8.4 Colour in the Transparent State 244

8.5 Electrochromic Switchable Mirror 245

8.6 Smart-Window Application 246

References 247

Part II Nanostructured Electrochromic Materials and Device Fabrication 249

9 Nanostructures in Electrochromic Materials 251
Shanxin Xiong, Pooi See Lee, and Xuehong Lu

9.1 Introduction 251

9.2 Nanostructures of Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) 253

9.3 Nanostructures of Conjugated Polymers 262

9.4 Nanostructures of Organic-Metal Complexes and Viologen 267

9.5 Electrochromic Nanocomposites and Nanohybrids 268

9.6 Conclusions and Perspective 281

References 282

10 Advances in Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochromic Applications 289
Alice Lee-Sie Eh, Xuehong Lu, and Pooi See Lee

10.1 Introduction 289

10.2 Requirements of Polymer Electrolytes in Electrochromic Applications 290

10.3 Types of Polymer Electrolytes 291

10.4 Polymer Hosts of Interest in Electrochromic Devices 294

10.5 Recent Trends in Polymer Electrolytes 303

10.6 Future Outlook 305

References 307

11 Gyroid-Structured Electrodes for Electrochromic and Supercapacitor Applications 311
Maik R.J. Scherer and Ullrich Steiner

11.1 Introduction to Nanostructured Electrochromic Electrodes 311

11.2 Polymer Self-Assembly and the Gyroid Nanomorphology 315

11.3 Gyroid-Structured Vanadium Pentoxide 320

11.4 Gyroid-Structured Nickel Oxide 326

11.5 Concluding Remarks 329

References 331

12 Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Electrochromic Materials: On the Efficient Method for Immobilisation of Nanomaterials 337
Susana I. Córdoba de Torresi, Jose R. Martins Neto, Marcio Vidotti, and Fritz Huguenin

12.1 Introduction to the Layer-by-Layer Deposition Technique 337

12.2 Layer-by-Layer Assembly in Electrochromic Materials 337

12.3 Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Metal Oxides 342

12.4 Layer-by-Layer and Electrophoretic Deposition for Nanoparticles Immobilisation 351

Acknowledgements 357

References 357

13 Plasmonic Electrochromism of Metal Oxide Nanocrystals 363
Anna Llordes, Evan L. Runnerstrom, Sebastien D. Lounis, and Delia J. Milliron

13.1 Introduction to Plasmonic Electrochromic Nanocrystals 363

13.2 History of Electrochromism in Metal and Semiconductor Nanocrystals 368

13.3 Doped Metal Oxide Colloidal Nanocrystals as Plasmonic Electrochromic Materials 377

13.4 Advanced Electrochromic Electrodes Constructed from Colloidal Plasmonic NCs 383

13.5 Conclusions and Outlook 393

References 394

Part III Applications of Electrochromic Materials 399

14 Solution-Phase Electrochromic Devices and Systems 401
Harlan J. Byker

14.1 Introduction 401

14.2 Early History of Solution-Phase EC 402

14.3 The World’s Most Widely Used Electrochromic Material 405

14.4 Commercialisation of EC Devices 406

14.5 Reversibility and Stability in Solution-Phase EC Systems 409

14.6 Thickened and Gelled Solution-Phase Systems 411

14.7 Nernst Equilibrium, Disproportionation and Stability 413

14.8 Closing Remarks 415

References 416

15 Electrochromic Smart Windows for Dynamic Daylight and Solar Energy Control in Buildings 419
Bjørn Petter Jelle

15.1 Introduction 419

15.2 Solar Radiation 421

15.3 Solar Radiation through Window Panes and Glass Structures 421

15.4 Solar Radiation Modulation by Electrochromic Windows 425

15.5 Experimental 427

15.6 Measurement and Calculation Method of Solar Radiation Glazing Factors 430

15.7 Spectroscopic Measurement and Calculation of Solar Radiation Glazing Factors 452

15.8 Commercial Electrochromic Windows and the Path Ahead 475

15.9 Increased Application of Solar Radiation Glazing Factors 476

15.10 Conclusions 476

Acknowledgements 477

15.A Appendix: Tables for Calculation of Solar Radiation Glazing Factors 477

15.B Appendix: Tables for Calculation of Thermal Conductance 488

References 492

16 Fabric Electrochromic Displays for Adaptive Camouflage, Biomimicry, Wearable Displays and Fashion 503
Michael T. Otley, Michael A. Invernale, and Gregory A. Sotzing

16.1 Introduction 503

16.2 Non-Electrochromic Colour-Changing Fabric 517

16.3 Conclusion 519

References 521

Part IV Device Case Studies, Environmental Impact Issues and Elaborations 525

17 Electrochromic Foil: A Case Study 527
Claes-Göran Granqvist

17.1 Introduction 527

17.2 Device Design and Optical Properties of Electrochromic Foil 528

17.3 Comments on Lifetime and Durability 532

17.4 Electrolyte Functionalisation by Nanoparticles 538

17.5 Comments and Conclusion 541

Acknowledgements 542

References 542

18 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of Electrochromic Smart Windows 545
Uwe Posset and Matthias Harsch

18.1 Life Cycle Analysis 545

18.2 Application of LCA to Electrochromic Smart Windows 549

18.3 LCA of Novel Plastic-Film-Based Electrochromic Devices 560

18.4 LCA for EC Target Applications 564

18.5 Conclusion 568

References 568

19 Electrochromic Glazing in Buildings: A Case Study 571
John Mardaljevic, Ruth Kelly Waskett, and Birgit Painter

19.1 Introduction 571

19.2 Variable Transmission Glazing for Use in Buildings 573

19.3 Case Study: The De Montfort EC Office Installation 584

19.4 Summary 591

References 591

20 Photoelectrochromic Materials and Devices 593
Kuo-Chuan Ho, Hsin-Wei Chen, and Chih-Yu Hsu

20.1 Introduction 593

20.2 Structure Design of the PECDs 594

References 620

Appendix Definitions of Electrochromic Materials and Device Performance Parameters 623
Roger J. Mortimer, Paul M. S. Monk, and David R. Rosseinsky

A.1 Contrast Ratio CR 623

A.2 Response Time τ 624

A.3 Write–Erase Efficiency 624

A.4 Cycle Life 624

A.5 Coloration Efficiency η 625

References 625

Index 627