Fighting for the Higher Law: Black and White Transcendentalists Against Slavery

by Peter Wirzbicki

Overview

How important black abolitionists joined famous Transcendentalists to create a political philosophy to fight slavery

In Fighting for the Higher Law, Peter Wirzbicki explores how important black abolitionists joined famous Transcendentalists to create a political philosophy that fired the radical struggle against American slavery.

In the cauldron of the antislavery movement, antislavery activists, such as William C. Nell, Thomas Sidney, and Charlotte Forten, and Transcendentalist intellectuals, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, developed a "Higher Law" ethos, a unique set of romantic political sensibilities—marked by moral enthusiasms, democratic idealism, and a vision of the self that could judge political questions from "higher" standards of morality and reason. The Transcendentalism that emerges here is not simply the dreamy philosophy of privileged white New Englanders, but a more populist movement, one that encouraged an uncompromising form of politics among a wide range of Northerners, black as well as white, working-class as well as wealthy. Invented to fight slavery, it would influence later labor, feminist, civil rights, and environmentalist activism.

African American thinkers and activists have long engaged with American Transcendentalist ideas about "double consciousness," nonconformity, and civil disobedience. When thinkers like Martin Luther King, Jr., or W. E. B. Du Bois invoked Transcendentalist ideas, they were putting to use an intellectual movement that black radicals had participated in since the 1830s.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780812297898
Publisher:	University of Pennsylvania Press
Publication date:	03/26/2021
Series:	America in the Nineteenth Century
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	384
File size:	5 MB

About the Author

Peter Wirzbicki is Assistant Professor of History at Princeton University.

Table of Contents

Introduction 1

Chapter 1 Transcendentalism in Black and White 23

Chapter 2 The Latest Forms of Infidelity 62

Chapter 3 The Cotton Economy and the Rise of Universal Reformers 102

Chapter 4 Fugitive Slaves and the Many Origins of Civil Disobedience Theory 142

Chapter 5 Heroism, Violence, and Race 178

Chapter 6 A War of Ideas 219

Epilogue 258

Notes 265

Index 317

Acknowledgments 323

Editorial Reviews

"In these pages, with an eloquence worthy of William Cooper Nell and Ralph Waldo Emerson, Peter Wirzbicki urges us to hear the hidden harmonies between abolitionist and Transcendentalist thought, while never failing to notice the dissonances, too. This is an inspiring book that ranges as widely as the thinkers it follows. It demonstrates anew why intellectuals and the life of the mind mattered in the struggle to end slavery."

Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Sweet Taste of Li Caleb McDaniel

"Peter Wirzbicki brilliantly rescues Transcendental abolitionists from the caricatures and myths that surround their history. Perhaps the most original contribution he makes is to foreground the forgotten intellectual and political contributions of African American Transcendentalists. This astute book will forever change the way we think about Transcendentalism and foreground its antislavery contributions to the American radical democratic imagination."

author of The Slave's Cause: A History of Abo Manisha Sinha

"In his lucid, well-researched intellectual history, Wirzbicki, underscores the nexus between the philosophy of New England transcendentalism and the politics of abolitionism…. By centering abolitionism within the history of transcendentalism, and transcendentalism within the abolitionist crusade, Wirzbicki advances understanding of these two pillars of reform ideology and action in New England, in antebellum and Civil War-era America generally, and in the work of 20th-century racial reformers W. E. B. Du Bois and Martin Luther King, Jr."

Choice

"The effort to correct a whitewashed understanding of American Transcendentalism takes a giant step forward with Fighting for the Higher Law. Peter Wirzbicki has gifted us a richly detailed and revelatory study that restores Black thinkers and antislavery networks to Transcendentalism…The book offers us a new vision of the American crowd and celebrates within it each and all who kept with perfect sweetness the commitment to equality."

American Literary History

"[A]n important contribution to the history of both Transcendentalism and radical abolitionism, as well as to intellectual history as a discipline...[I]t expertly describes intellectual and political life as the converging point of different forces and currents produced by a diverse cast of characters and sites and that is not centered exclusively on white male canonical authors or institutions, without flattening the intricacies and sometimes deadlocks of movements built across gender, race, and class lines."

Journal of Southern History

"Fighting for the Higher Law: Black and White Transcendentalists Against Slavery, centers abolitionism in the story of American Transcendentalists. . . . The author is among a growing number of historians who have refocused the study of antislavery directly on the activism of African Americans themselves, as opposed to the “bourgeois liberalism” of white reformers. . . . Wirzbicki’s book reads as a kind of history of public philosophy in America."

Intellectual History Review

"Fighting for the Higher Law is not just the most comprehensive study to date of Transcendentalism's relationship to the abolitionist movement but a gripping story to boot."

Journal of American History

"The most thorough and convincing account to date of the relationship between Transcendentalism and the campaign to end slavery."

Journal of the Civil War Era

Peter Wirzbicki brilliantly rescues Transcendental abolitionists from the caricatures and myths that surround their history. Perhaps the most original contribution he makes is to foreground the forgotten intellectual and political contributions of African American Transcendentalists. This astute book will forever change the way we think about Transcendentalism and foreground its antislavery contributions to the American radical democratic imagination.

"In these pages, with an eloquence worthy of William Cooper Nell and Ralph Waldo Emerson, Peter Wirzbicki urges us to hear the hidden harmonies between abolitionist and Transcendentalist thought, while never failing to notice the dissonances, too. This is an inspiring book that ranges as widely as the thinkers it follows. It demonstrates anew why intellectuals and the life of the mind mattered in the struggle to end slavery."—Caleb McDaniel, Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Sweet Taste of Liberty: A True Story of Slavery and Restitution in America

"Peter Wirzbicki brilliantly rescues Transcendental abolitionists from the caricatures and myths that surround their history. Perhaps the most original contribution he makes is to foreground the forgotten intellectual and political contributions of African American Transcendentalists. This astute book will forever change the way we think about Transcendentalism and foreground its antislavery contributions to the American radical democratic imagination."—Manisha Sinha, author of The Slave's Cause: A History of Abolition

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