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Getting the Right Teachers Into the Right Schools: Managing India's Teacher Workforce
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Overview
India's landmark Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (2009) guarantees education to all children aged 6-14 years. The Act mandates specific student-teacher ratios and emphasizes teacher quality. Writing this into legislation took seven years, but the seven years since has proven that ensuring effective teachers are recruited and placed in all schools in a time-bound manner is considerably more challenging. This report takes a detailed look at the complexity of the teacher management landscape in elementary and secondary schools in nine Indian states. On a daily basis, the administrative machinery of these states has to manage between 19,000 to nearly a million teachers in different types of schools and employment contracts, and cope with recruiting thousands more and distributing them equitably across schools. This report examines the following issues: official requirements for becoming a schoolteacher in India; policies and processes for teacher recruitment, deployment and transfers; salaries and benefits of teachers; professional growth of teachers; and grievance redressal mechanisms for teachers. For the first time in India, this report compares and contrasts stated policy with actual practice in teacher management in the country, using a combination of primary and secondary data. In so doing, the report reveals the hidden challenges and the nature of problems faced by administrators in attempting to build an effective teacher workforce which serves the needs of all of India's 200 million school children. The report examines states with varying characteristics, thus generating knowledge and evidence likely to be of interest to policy makers and practitioners in a wide range of contexts.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781464809873 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | World Bank Publications |
| Publication date: | 11/17/2017 |
| Pages: | 292 |
| Product dimensions: | 7.00(w) x 10.00(h) x 0.61(d) |
Table of Contents
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgments xv
About the Authors xvii
Executive Summary xix
Abbreviations xxxix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Background 1
The Scope 3
What We Did Not Set Out to Do 6
Methodology 7
Structure of the Book 9
Notes 10
Chapter 2 School Teachers in India: A Descriptive Analysis 11
Introduction 11
Teaching Workforce: The Current Scenario 12
Elementary Teacher Workforce: Trends in Size and Growth 17
Elementary Teachers, by Type of Management 18
Secondary Teachers: Government versus Aided Schools 21
Elementary Teachers, by Type of Employment 22
Inclusiveness 23
Pupil-Teacher Ratio: Trends 27
Educational Qualifications 36
Data Gaps 36
Conclusion 39
Annex 2A: Data and Methodology 39
Notes 40
Chapter 3 Who Can Become a Teacher? 43
Introduction 43
National-Level Regulations 43
State-Level Regulations and Policies for Teacher Recruitment in the Nine States 48
Reservation Policies for Recruitment 53
Language Requirement 55
Criteria for Merit list Preparation 55
Conclusion 57
Notes 57
Chapter 4 Teacher Recruitment 59
Introduction 59
Teacher Recruitment: Direct and Indirect 59
Minimum Standards for Becoming a Teacher 63
Terms of Recruitment: Regular and Contract Teachers 67
Reversal of the Trend of Hiring Contract Teachers 69
Recruitment Process 71
Description of the Karnataka Recruitment Process 73
Summing Up 81
Notes 82
Chapter 5 Teacher Deployment and Transfers 85
Introduction 85
Initial Deployment 88
Transfer Policy and Practice 89
Who Initiates Transfers? 90
Who Can Be Transferred, Why, and by Whom? 91
Deputation, Another Form of Transfer 95
Good Practices That Could Show the Way 95
Summing Up 104
Notes 105
Chapter 6 Salaries and Benefits 107
Expenditure on Elementary Education in India: A Brief Snapshot 107
Comparison of Salaries across States 108
Other Monetary and Nonmonetary Benefits 113
Conclusion 118
Notes 119
Chapter 7 Teachers in School 121
Roles and Responsibilities: Day-to-Day Management 121
Roles and Responsibilities of Teachers 121
Non-Teaching Functions 123
Support, Feedback, or Inspection? 125
Accountability 126
Induction and Orientation 127
Challenges Faced in Discharging Roles and Responsibilities 128
Roles of Contract/Para Teachers 133
Roles and Challenges of School Leaders 133
Summing Up 135
Notes 136
Chapter 8 Professional Growth of Teachers 137
Introduction 137
Promotions 137
Professional Development and In-Service Training 142
Evaluation of Teacher Performance 147
Conclusion 151
Notes 151
Chapter 9 Grievance Redressal Mechanisms 153
Introduction 153
Teacher Grievance Redressal Mechanisms Established by State Education Departments 154
Grievance Redressal through the Courts 159
The Way Forward 167
Annex 9A Data Sources and Their Limitations 170
Notes 171
Chapter 10 Unanswered Questions 173
Overview 173
Intent and Outcome 174
What Constitutes Policy? 176
Enabling Circumstances for Clear Policy and Transparent Processes 177
Role of Teachers' Unions in Influencing Policy 179
Roots of Administrative Inefficiencies 179
Performance Appraisal versus Assured Career Progression 180
What Role Do Teachers' Associations and Unions Play? 181
Downstream and Upstream Impact of the Teacher Eligibility Tests 182
Equity, Inclusion, and Gender 182
Pre-Service Training 183
Do Teacher Policies Result in More Effective Teachers? 183
Conclusion 185
Notes 185
Chapter 11 Some Ideas to Take Forward 187
Overarching Message 187
Streamlined and Transparent Recruitment and Deployment 188
Easy Access to Support Structures for Teachers 188
Incentives for Effort and Performance 190
Accountability and Feedback on Performance 190
Robust Teacher Information System 191
Appendix A Political Economy of Teacher Reforms in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu 193
Appendix B Teacher Transfer Technology in Karnataka 229
Bibliography 241
Boxes
1.1 Areas, Issues, and Questions Explored 5
4.1 High Court Decision on Vidyarthi Mitra in Rajasthan 68
5.1 Glimpses of Teacher Transfers in Nine States 92
Figures
2.1 Year-on-Year Growth of Elementary Schools, Teachers, and Students, All-India 17
2.2 Year-on-Year Growth in Number of Elementary Teachers, by Management, All-India 20
2.3 Year-on-Year Growth in Number of Elementary Schools, by Management, All-India 20
2.4 Percentage of Aided and Government Secondary Schools Operating above Capacity 21
2.5 Percentage or Aided and Government Secondary Schools with Six Basic Infrastructure Components 22
2.6 Percentage of Elementary Teaching Workforce Comprising Para/Contract Teachers, All Elementary Schools 23
2.7 Number and Percentage of Women Teachers, All-India, Elementary 24
2.8 Percentage of Women Teachers, States, All Elementary Schools 24
2.9 Percentage of SC and ST Teachers, All-India, All Elementary Schools 25
2.10 Percentage of SC Teachers in 2010-11 and 2011-12, All Elementary Schools, Compared with the Percentage of SC Population as per Census 2011 26
2.11 Percentage of ST Teachers in 2010-11 and 2011-12, All Elementary Schools, Compared with the Percentage of ST Population as per Census 2011 26