They were the most unlikely siblings - one, Adolf Hitler's most trusted henchman, the other a fervent anti-Nazi. Hermann Goering was a founder member of the Nazi Party, who became commander of the Luftwaffe, ordering the terror bombing of civilians and prompting the use of slave labour in his factories. His brother, Albert, loathed Hitler's regime and saved hundreds - possibly thousands - across Europe from Nazi persecution. He deferred to Hermann as head of the family but spent nearly a decade working against his brother's regime. If he had been anyone else, he would have been imprisoned or executed. Despite their extreme and differing beliefs, Hermann sheltered his brother from prosecution and they remained close throughout the war. Here, for the first time, James Wyllie brings Albert out of the shadows and explores the extraordinary relationship of the Goering brothers.
They were the most unlikely siblings - one, Adolf Hitler's most trusted henchman, the other a fervent anti-Nazi. Hermann Goering was a founder member of the Nazi Party, who became commander of the Luftwaffe, ordering the terror bombing of civilians and prompting the use of slave labour in his factories. His brother, Albert, loathed Hitler's regime and saved hundreds - possibly thousands - across Europe from Nazi persecution. He deferred to Hermann as head of the family but spent nearly a decade working against his brother's regime. If he had been anyone else, he would have been imprisoned or executed. Despite their extreme and differing beliefs, Hermann sheltered his brother from prosecution and they remained close throughout the war. Here, for the first time, James Wyllie brings Albert out of the shadows and explores the extraordinary relationship of the Goering brothers.
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They were the most unlikely siblings - one, Adolf Hitler's most trusted henchman, the other a fervent anti-Nazi. Hermann Goering was a founder member of the Nazi Party, who became commander of the Luftwaffe, ordering the terror bombing of civilians and prompting the use of slave labour in his factories. His brother, Albert, loathed Hitler's regime and saved hundreds - possibly thousands - across Europe from Nazi persecution. He deferred to Hermann as head of the family but spent nearly a decade working against his brother's regime. If he had been anyone else, he would have been imprisoned or executed. Despite their extreme and differing beliefs, Hermann sheltered his brother from prosecution and they remained close throughout the war. Here, for the first time, James Wyllie brings Albert out of the shadows and explores the extraordinary relationship of the Goering brothers.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780752468143 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | The History Press |
| Publication date: | 09/30/2011 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 252 |
| File size: | 2 MB |
| Age Range: | 12 Years |
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Goering and Goering
Hitler's Henchman and His Anti-Nazi Brother
By James Wyllie
The History Press
Copyright © 2011 James WyllieAll rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-7524-6814-3
CHAPTER 1
Siblings
Stockholm, 1925. Hermann Goering, future head of the Nazi war economy, commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe and chosen successor to Adolf Hitler, was a morphine addict and refugee from German justice. His chances of recovery depended on his Swedish wife, Karin. Her wealthy family had agreed to pay for his treatment at a private clinic. After attacking a nurse he was put in a straitjacket and deposited in a lunatic asylum. There was no guarantee he would see the outside world again. However, with Karin at his side, he quit the morphine and regained his health.
This was significant, not only for the Nazi movement but also for his brother Albert. Two years Hermann's junior, Albert loathed Hitler from day one. Had Hermann not achieved immense power, Albert's feelings about the Nazis would have had little consequence. As it was, he saved hundreds, perhaps thousands of people across Europe from persecution, spending nearly a decade working against his brother's regime, rescuing humble shopkeepers and heads of state, running escape routes, hauling prisoners out of concentration camps, influencing policy and assisting the Resistance.
But none of this would have been possible without Hermann. During preparations for the Nuremberg trials, Albert informed his sceptical Allied interrogators that, 'Hermann Goering often saved his life and never tried to curtail his Samaritan activities, only cautioning him to have some consideration for his position.'
* * *
On 8 May 1945, as the Second World War ground to a halt, Albert Goering walked into the Allied Command Centre in Salzburg and was immediately detained by the Americans. They had located a base there in response to rumours that German troops might attempt to regroup in that mountainous region and launch a rearguard action. Large numbers of soldiers were fleeing in that direction seeking safety, clogging roads already jammed with civilian refugees.
Among their number was Hermann Goering, who had set off towards inevitable capture in the style of a warlord embarking on a triumphal procession through his homeland. Surrounded by his close family and attendants, sporting his array of medals, trailing a conspicuous amount of luggage, he passed through the throngs of defeated and dispossessed, their morale momentarily lifted by the sight of the Reichsmarschall in all his brazen glory, seemingly unaffected by the disasters that had befallen him. Some 30 kilometres south of Salzburg, he was taken into custody by First Lieutenant Jerome N. Shapiro. The young American officer could not believe his luck. He had been fruitlessly scouring the region only to run into Hermann, full of bonhomie and delighted to be arrested.
When Albert turned himself in a few hours earlier he was seriously ill. Suffering from inflammation and swelling of the liver, compounded by heart problems, he had dragged himself off his sick bed in order to fulfil what he considered to be his duty. As the brother of one of the most influential men in the Third Reich he believed it essential he set the record straight at the earliest opportunity.
Both brothers regarded the Americans as potential saviours. Neither felt guilty of any crimes and expected fair treatment. They were equally mistaken, failing to grasp the victors' determination to set a precedent for future conflicts. In Albert's case the miscalculation was understandable given that he had resisted the Nazis in any way he could. For Hermann it was symptomatic of the degree of delusion and denial he was capable of.
Their geographical proximity when arrested was an example of the strange synchronicity that existed between them. Despite having had no contact for months, no information about each other's whereabouts, or of their fate, both sought refuge in the familiar surroundings of their youth.
* * *
When Hermann Goering entered the world on 12 January 1893, his family had been in the service of the Prussian state for over 200 years. His earliest ancestor on record was an economic administrator for Frederick the Great. His father, Heinrich Goering, worked in the consular service. As a young man Heinrich had fought in the wars against the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the French which had made possible the unification of a disparate federation of states and principalities into a single Germany under the dominance of Prussia and its mercurial chancellor, Bismarck.
Its territorial integrity secure, the new Germany looked to expansion, eyeing jealously the global empires of its main rivals. The options available for realising Germany's imperial ambitions were already disappearing fast as its established competitors made their own headlong dash to wrest control of the remaining bits of the map from their indigenous populations. Africa was the focus of much of this attention, having only recently been opened up to the European.
The fear that Germany might miss out altogether was not shared by Bismarck, who was always suspicious of the actual value of colonies, having declared them to be 'good for nothing but supply stations'. But, ever the opportunist, in 1884 he seized a broad strip of West Africa, encompassing an area that today includes Namibia and Cameroon, on the flimsy pretext that Germany's main trading outlet at Angra Pequena needed some extra protection.
During the spring of 1885, Heinrich Goering was posted to Windhoek, designated capital of German South-West Africa. He was accompanied by his second wife, Fanny. His first wife had died not long before he had received the appointment, having borne him five children. Fanny, a mere nineteen years old, had captivated Heinrich with her startling blue eyes.
As Resident Minister, Heinrich was expected to create conditions under which Germans could prosper. First an accommodation had to be reached with the two dominant tribes in the region, the Herero and the Nam. Heinrich had no military support to speak of and therefore relied on their goodwill. They also controlled the cattle trade, which dominated economic activity in the province. Heinrich set about drawing up conditions that would respect their autonomy.
In exchange for the right to trade freely without harassment and control over foreign policy, Heinrich agreed to honour the sanctity of their laws, customs and property. These treaties helped secure peace for the rest of Heinrich's stay – not that this was entirely down to his efforts. The tribes were preoccupied with a long-running war between them, while the actual number of Germans in the colony remained tiny. In any case, much of the territory under Heinrich's management was nothing but desert. In effect he had very little to administer.
Then his young bride became pregnant. In hostile conditions of unbearable heat and dust, aggravated by poor sanitation, Fanny and her unborn child were at considerable risk. However, help was at hand. Offering good company, comfort, and his expert counsel was the doctor who became a formative influence on Hermann and Albert Goering, Hermann von Epenstein.
Epenstein was a charismatic, eligible bachelor from Berlin. Something of a playboy, he was an established figure on the international circuit that catered for the cream of European society – St Petersburg one week, Cairo the next. Though not conventionally handsome and given to corpulence, he had an imposing voice, extravagant clothing and dashing demeanour, described as 'swashbuckling'. In acknowledgement of his service to the crown as Prussian court physician he had been ennobled, signified by the addition of 'von' to his name.
Not long after the birth, the Goerings returned to Europe. Sources suggest Heinrich's departure was less than dignified. Though he had an agreement with the Herero tribe, their chief was in secret dialogue with the British in the Cape, who were keen to destabilise this new German dominion on their doorstep. With no garrison of any kind and threatened with revolt, Heinrich allegedly fled with his tail between his legs.
Increased German involvement in the region, combined with crude racist attitudes, eventually caused the Herero people to rise up. In 1904, the German Army launched an extermination campaign against them: 'Within the German boundaries every Herero, whether found armed or unarmed, with or without cattle, will be shot.' This order from General von Trotha drove the Herero into the deserts, cutting off their food and water supplies. Having left sufficient time for them to die of 'natural' causes, troops were sent in to finish off the survivors.
* * *
Heinrich's diplomatic career had reached a critical juncture. His next appointment, a posting to Haiti, was a definite step down. Haiti had been in Germany's sphere of influence for centuries as a minor trading centre and there was some talk of it as a springboard into South America, but formal occupation was ruled out and policy was restricted to occasional sabre-rattling in defence of German interests. The job was an exercise in killing time.
Once again his young wife packed her bags for a tropical destination. While they were there Hermann was conceived. For health reasons Fanny went home and booked into the exclusive Marienbad clinic. A couple of days after Hermann was born Epenstein arrived to check on their progress. Within a week he had decided to become Hermann's godfather. Fanny rejoined her husband and Hermann was left in the care of a Bavarian family in the small town of Fürth.
Three years later, Heinrich had completed his duties in Haiti and faced the prospect of early retirement. His finances were in a poor condition. Civil service pay was meagre in comparison to other professions. To serve the state was reward enough. His reunited family based themselves in Berlin. It was here that Heinrich began to unravel. He began drinking heavily to dispel the melancholia that enveloped him. Just fifty-six, he appeared much older.
Epenstein took this as his cue to ride to the rescue. He offered to take the whole family under his wing and provide for their needs. Whether his generosity was prompted by the start of his affair with Fanny, is hard to establish. It did coincide with the birth of Albert Goering in March 1895. This inevitably raises the question: was Epenstein Albert's biological father?
The consensus of many who knew them was that Albert was Epenstein's son. They cite the facial resemblance between them – both were dark haired and shared a Central European physiognomy while Hermann was fair and blue eyed – and the glaring differences in personality between the brothers.
For Hermann and Albert it was never an issue. Both were well aware of the nature of their godfather's relationship with their mother. As a close family friend observed, 'Everyone accepted the situation and it did not seem to trouble Hermann or Albert at all.' As far as they were concerned they were united as siblings. Even years later, when it would have been incredibly convenient for Albert to claim his 'real' lineage, he resolutely stuck with the Goering name.
* * *
Epenstein divided his time between two medieval castles. Castle Veldenstein was a stone fortress built on a cliff high above Neuhaus, a beer-producing town about forty kilometres north of Nuremberg. The original buildings may well have been constructed as early as 918 but the castle only entered the historical record in 1269. Epenstein bought it in 1897 for 20,000 marks. He spent the next seventeen years and 1.5 million marks restoring its former splendour. Today the castle is host to a successful hotel and restaurant business.
His other acquisition was Castle Mauterndorf, built around the end of the first millennium, former home of the local feudal lord, situated to the south of Salzburg and just east of Innsbruck. An imposing structure, set deep in the mountains, the castle towers over the small village that carries its name. Epenstein took over in 1894 and began redecorating. Nowadays the castle is a medieval theme park, with its own tour guides and adventure activities.
The Goering family went back and forth between both castles, often having Veldenstein to themselves for long periods. At Mauterndorf, Epenstein installed them in lodgings built in the grounds. They were free to roam except when Epenstein entertained visitors. Then only Fanny was allowed to show her face, taking the part of lady of the manor, which in effect she was, while the others remained elsewhere. She would then retire to Epenstein's bedchamber and not return to her family until the next morning.
Given that Epenstein's lavish dinner parties were almost a nightly occurrence, this embargo made Heinrich a virtual exile. He retreated further into depression and alcoholism, resigned to the fact that his wife was his benefactor's mistress. At a glance it seems odd that there was not some kind of scandal. The rise of mass media had created a public arena for salacious gossip, and tales of the sexual misdemeanours of the ruling class were guaranteed to shift newspapers. The courts then dealt with the sensational litigation that followed the headlines.
Prince Philip Eulenberg, former ambassador to Vienna and one of the Kaiser's closest friends, was accused by a newspaper of being part of a homosexual clique that operated at the highest level of society. The libel trial lasted two years, 1907–9, and held the nation's interest every sordid step of the way. It revealed, among other things, details of orgies held at an elite cavalry officers' club in Berlin. The Goerings were spared this kind of indignity. Their domestic arrangement barely raised an eyebrow.
Epenstein, Fanny and Heinrich maintained their masquerade for nearly fourteen years. Then, in 1912, Epenstein fell hopelessly in love with Fraulein Lilli, an engaging beauty in her twenties who knew exactly how to twist him round her little finger. At sixty-three years old the confirmed bachelor was ready to marry. Lilli left him little choice, refusing to succumb until her wedding night. Heinrich and Fanny were unceremoniously ejected from their quarters in the spring of 1913, the old man mumbling darkly about this 'betrayal of friendship'.
At the time Hermann was nineteen and Albert seventeen. Neither boy was there to witness the end of the affair. Hermann had just received a regimental commission and Albert was away at school. A few months later Heinrich died. He was already ailing and the shock of moving to a rented house in Munich in such degrading circumstances was enough to kill him. He was buried in the grand Waldfriedhof cemetery.
Though there was some bitterness felt towards Epenstein in the immediate aftermath, particularly by Hermann, the family crisis was quickly overshadowed by the advent of the First World War. The damage was soon repaired. Lilli was just as keen as Epenstein to maintain contact with his godchildren. When Hermann was granted convalescent leave from his fighter squadron in 1916 he chose to spend it at Mauterndorf.
* * *
Though not born to it, Epenstein flaunted his newly earned aristocratic pedigree with all the energetic enthusiasm of a self-made man who had reinvented himself in the pursuit of respectability. For Epenstein was Jewish. This was not an absolute block on advancement, but Epenstein still decided to become a Roman Catholic.
The pitfalls of being a successful Jew were exemplified by the life of the financier Bleichröder. As Bismarck's personal banker he helped pay for the wars that delivered unification and, in 1872, was the first Jew ever to add the coveted 'von' to his name. Bleichröder also backed Bismarck's overseas expeditions. In 1885, at the same time that Heinrich Goering was Resident Minister in Windhoek, Bleichröder set up the German South-West African Colonial Company to handle commerce in the region. However, his wealth left him open to bribery. A legal battle that lasted throughout the 1880s began with an accusation by a wronged mistress, who felt entitled to a share of his fortune. She took him to court. The case was dismissed but the scandal sheets got a whiff of it and made sure the whole thing snowballed into an anti-semitic witch hunt, orchestrated by state officials who wanted to charge Bleichröder with perjury. Though he avoided another trial, the mud-slinging continued right up to his death in 1893.
Epenstein side-stepped such prejudice and was not alone in seeking total assimilation, despite legislation passed in 1871 that removed the last legal restraints on the Jewish community in Germany, which then numbered around 600,000 people, about 1 per cent of the population. During the nineteenth century over 22,000 converted to Christianity. Epenstein never looked back. He remained a dedicated Roman Catholic for the rest of his life, making great show of his devotion.
Though the Goerings were Protestant, the brothers' main exposure to the ritual of weekly worship was through Epenstein. Every Sunday, either at Mauterndorf or Veldenstein, he led a parade of pious observance, taking his extended family and guests to Mass at the village church where rows of pews were reserved for them. Hermann had little interest in religion. He paid his respects to a generic God and avoided churches. A British Tory MP later observed that, 'There is something un-Christian about Goering, a strong pagan streak.' Sentenced to death at Nuremberg, Hermann did not seek absolution from the prison chaplain, or forgiveness from the Almighty. Instead he 'launched into a tirade on the homosexuality of the Catholic clergy', and the affairs of 'the priests and the nuns. The nuns are "brides of Christ" you know, what a set up!' Albert took religion seriously and grew up to adopt a broad spiritual awareness based on tolerance and fundamental humanism: 'I am a Protestant by confession, but I have been in Orthodox churches, in synagogues, I have been to Buddhist and Brahmin services, and it does not make any difference to me. There is only one God.'
(Continues...)
Excerpted from Goering and Goering by James Wyllie. Copyright © 2011 James Wyllie. Excerpted by permission of The History Press.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
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Table of Contents
Contents
Acknowledgements,Part One,
Chapter One Siblings,
Chapter Two Cataclysm,
Chapter Three Munich,
Chapter Four Going Up, Going Down,
Part Two,
Chapter Five Power,
Chapter Six Ski Bunnies and Bolsheviks,
Chapter Seven Showbusiness,
Chapter Eight Death March,
Part Three,
Chapter Nine Resistance,
Chapter Ten All or Nothing,
Chapter Eleven Agent Albert,
Chapter Twelve Destruction,
Part Four,
Chapter Thirteen Judgement,
Chapter Fourteen Verdict,
Notes,
Bibliography,