Table of Contents
Preface xiii
1 Background and History 3
Internet Censorship Defined 3
Censorship versus National Security, and Why There Will Never be Total Freedom of the Press or a Total Lack of Press and Internet Censorship 4
Adequate Information Release by Governments versus Internet Censorship: WikiLeaks, Manning, andSnowden 6
What the Internet is as Compared to an Internet 14
The Internet's Colorful History: Internet Development, Hacking Exploits, and (Eventually) Concerns about Internet Censorship 17
The Global Growth of Internet Usage 37
Gaining Authorized and Unauthorized Access to the Internet-and How Hacking May be Related to Internet Censorship 42
Online Users' Concerns about Censorship and the General State of Online Censorship in 2012 51
Conclusion 56
References 57
2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 65
A Look at PC, Mobile Phone, and Internet Usage Globally 68
Cultural and Legal Jurisdictional Factors Influencing the Digital Divide 71
The Differences between Freedom of Information, Internet Freedom, and Internet Censorship 81
Recent Trends in Internet Censorship According to the Freedom on the Net 2012 Report 90
Online Activities in Jurisdictions "Under the Microscope": Their Strong Support for Internet Openness and Their Hard-Core Tactics Used to Reinforce Internet Censorship 94
The Role of Web Filters and Firewalls, Business-Government Policies, and Laws Aimed at Internet Censorship 100
The Internet's Continuing Evolution: A Comparison of Internet Censorship in 2005 and 2012 106
Key Tactics That Have Restricted Free Speech and Encouraged Internet Censorship in Countries in Recent Years 109
How Can Progress Continue to be Made in Reducing Internet Censorship? 118
Conclusion 120
References 121
3 Perspectives 127
Hacktivism, Cyber Warriors, and Censorship Thomas J. Holt 127
Internet Censorship and the European Union: External Cohesiveness versus Internal Disharmony Michael Johns 133
30 Years after Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four: Pseudo-Privacy Online Michael Bachmann 138
Cybersecurity is Not Censorship Dorothy E. Denning 144
Between Liberty and Harmony: Philosophical Perspectives on Censorship in the Age of the Internet Alanda D. Theriault 147
4 Profiles 159
2600: the Hacker Quarterly 159
American Civil Liberties Union 160
Anonymous 162
Julian Assange (1971-) 164
Black Hat and DefCon Hacker Conferences 167
The Page-Brin Google, Inc. Team 169
Canada's Copyright Modernization Act of 2012 (Formerly Bill C-11) 171
Cran Campbell (1949-) 172
Center for Internet and Society 173
Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto 174
Copyright Armageddon: 3D Printers 175
Electronic Frontier Foundation 176
Freedom House 177
William H. Gates (a.k.a Bill Gates) (1955-) 178
Iceland's Planned Internet Porn Ban 179
Steve Jobs (1955-2011) and Steve Wozniak ("The Woz") (1950-) 180
Liu Xiabo (1955-) and Liu Xia (1959-) 182
Bradley Manning (a.k.a Chelsea 1988-) 183
OpenNet Initiative 185
Psiphon Software 186
Public Knowledge 187
Reporters Without Borders 188
Neda Salehi (1983-2009) 188
Yekaterina Samutsevich (1983-) 189
Edward Snowden (1984-) 191
Aaron Swartz (1987-2013) 192
The Censorware Project 195
Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement 196
WikiLeaks 198
Malala Yousafzai (1998-) 199
Bassem Youssef (1975-) 201
References 202
5 Data and Documents 209
Statistics on Internet Usage Worldwide 210
A Closer Look at the Freedom on the Net 2012 Findings 210
Internet Legislation in the United States Related to Privacy, Security, Trust, and Censorship 213
18 U.S.C. 213
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 216
Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 218
Gramm-Leach Bliley Act of 1999 (Financial Services Modernization Act) 220
Trademark Law, Patent Law, and the U.S. Anti-cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act of 1999 223
USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 and PATRIOT Act II 224
Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2002 or Homeland Security Act of 2002 225
PROTECT Act of 2003, COPPA of 1998, and CIPA of 2000 226
CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 228
cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2005/2002 231
Recent Internet Laws Not Passed in the United States Related to Privacy, Security, Trust, and Censorship: CISPA, SOPA, and PIPA-and Why 231
SOPA and PIPA 234
Internet Legislation Attempts Globally related to Privacy Security, Trust, and Censorship: the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime 235
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement 237
Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement 237
The United Nations: Unprecedented Power over Web Content and Infrastructure? 240
Conclusion 242
References 245
6 Resources 251
7 Chronology 297
Glossary 311
Index 323
About the Author 335
