Letters from Prague: 1939-1941
252
Letters from Prague: 1939-1941
252eBook
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Overview
Correspondence documenting a Jewish family’s personal history of the Holocaust and World War II.
Raya Schapiro and Helga Weinberg found a box of letters among their mother’s effects after her death in 1990. They were written by their grandmother and uncle, trapped in Prague after the Nazi occupation, to the girls’ parents who had escaped to the United States in May, 1939, leaving behind Raya and Helga, who were five and seven years old at the time.
The seventy-seven letters reprinted here span a period of two years, during which the Nazis drew an ever-tightening noose of destruction around the Jews of Prague: each letter is followed by notes of explanation and amplification, as well as notes on Nazi laws and official restrictions and the progress of the war. Each letter has a censor’s stamp on it; each envelope bears the still-frightening emblem of the Third Reich. The letters dramatically convey the tension, growing daily, of existence under the Nazis, and their tone becomes increasingly desperate as every avenue of escape reaches a dead end.
Praise forLetters from Prague: 1939–1941
“This book turns an abstraction into a palpable terror and pity.” —Chicago Tribune
“A compelling and personal insight into the horrors of the Holocaust.” —Booklist
“As it turned out, the girls escaped only after months of bureaucratic wrangling, while the grandmother and uncle never obtained permission to leave and were deported to the gas chambers at Treblinka and Auschwitz two years later. Collected here is the moving correspondence between the adults in Prague and the girls’ parents in the U.S.” —Publishers Weekly
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781613733448 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Chicago Review Press, Incorporated |
| Publication date: | 05/24/2022 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 252 |
| Sales rank: | 722,254 |
| File size: | 2 MB |
Read an Excerpt
Letters from Prague, 1939-1941
By Raya Czerner Schapiro, Helga Czerner Weinberg
Chicago Review Press Incorporated
Copyright © 1991 Ray a Czerner Schapiro and Helga Czerner WeinbergAll rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-61373-344-8
CHAPTER 1
The Letters
In mid-March, 1939 Germany occupied Czechoslovakia, then to be known as the Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, under Reich Protector Baron Constantin von Neurath.
The following month the first anti-Semitic legislation was enacted defining "Jewishness" and restricting the number of Jews who could practice certain professions.
Letter 1 From Paula
Prikope 35 Prague June 21, 1939
My dearest children,
We were very happy to get your letters — I'm so glad that you seized the opportunity and left God will help you, and I pray for you, my children. My thoughts are with you, even when I don't write. I don't have much time, I'm busy all day, and I have to get up early in the morning to write you – in the evening I'm too tired, and the dear little ones call me all the time and I have to tell them stories 'til they fall asleep. Both of them fight over me, so I have to go from one to the other and tell something to each one; so I have to think up all lands of things. In the morning I take them with me shopping, and then we go out again. After eating I put them down for a nap and in the afternoon we go out again. Both of them look very well, knock on wood, and also dear Rayushka has her happy face back again. They are both very good, especially Helgichka, and she is very understanding. Dear Rayushka can be very charming even when she is angry – so it's necessary to have strong nerves. But she is still little, and she'll grow up to be good. Both are very clever, and I'm going to miss them a lot
They also have a good time with Erwin, and he amuses them – it's a pleasure to see it They are both happy when their uncle takes time to be with them and play with them and tell them stories – for which, unfortunately, there is enough time because he does not have many patients. Yesterday was a nice day and there was no rain. I haven't had time to look for someone to help with the children because I am busy with them all day; and it doesn't pay for only a few weeks. I'll stick it out How do I know when they will go? I would like it best if Armin could take them along. He said that perhaps he won't be going. We have taken the apartment on Masna Street, opposite the place where dear Shishinko went to school, and I showed the little ones the school.
The rent [of the new apartment] is 14,500 Kr. including heat and water, and there is a concierge. But, if my wishes could be granted....
I worry very much about you. Dear Mother Czerner no longer worries. I wanted to visit her but Elisha doesn't want me to go. And Erwin cannot go because of Lotte. So well have to wait until Mother comes to us. She would get so much pleasure out of seeing the girls – they don't even know her. But Elisha doesn't want it, so we have to go along with his wishes. When you called at eleven o'clock, Erwin had already left and he came home late and didn't know, Moshko, that you were going to call and he was very sorry he couldn't talk to you so I had to talk and I wrote everything down and in the morning I went to Armin immediately and to Elisha. I was happy that the children heard your voices, even briefly. If only Erwin were already taken care of. But — you understand me. I yearn for you and I still thank God and hope everything turns out well. From my last letter, you know we had to give up the big apartment and sell everything in it for 350 Kr.! And I was happy to find buyers! If I hadn't, "they" would have taken everything away. Tonscha [a maid] and the nursemaid were also fine ones! But let's not talk about that, it doesn't pay to get upset about it What's gone is gone – we just want peace. You asked about our sleeping arrangements – Mr Rosenthal would have liked to stay with us, but I told him that I need the room for the children — so he wasn't happy about it but he left and the children sleep in beds for a change and are very proud that they have their own room. Rosenthal comes daily to see us and would like to live with us again. I will see – I would like to have a boarder.
Now, to continue: today I sent Zanka [a housekeeper] out with the children so I could rest a little. Since today is Wednesday you are probably already in your new situation – God be with you and give you health and happiness. Write us when you have time, about the trip and how Tomichek is; whether you have a good apartment, and whatyour impressions are, and about everything because I am curious about everything. Before, I could just run to you and check out everything — now that s not possible. Aunt Rosa already packed everything but she can't send it yet, it was stopped. Arnold would have liked to speak to you, Moshko. Today we received a letter from Sperling. I hope you will get together and well hear more. We're now getting ready to move so I'll be busy again but then I won't have much time. Perhaps Aunt Elsa will help me. And I'll give the little ones to Elisha.
We continue well - big kisses from
Your Mother
* * *
Armin Davidovic was married to Max's sister Regina.
Elisha was Max's brother (married to Hella)
Max, Elisha and Regina — and in fact all seven of the Czerner siblings – were born in Russia; they were therefore eligible for American visas, since the Russian immigration quota was not filled: Soviet Russia did not allow emigration. Erwin and Paula, on the other hand, had been born in Czechoslovakia and the Czech U. S. quota was filled. There was a long waiting list
The children had to be accompanied to America by an adult Paula preferred that Armin accompany them rather than Elisha, who had a difficult personality.
Mother Czerner (Bathsheva), Max's mother, lived in the Bulharska section of Prague with two unmarried daughters: Ettel and Lotte — who was lame and in poor health. Although all three women qualified for the Russian quota, Lotte's health apparently put her admission to the U.S. in question. Mother Czemer refused to leave Lotte and did not want to emigrate in any case, although her eldest son Janko already lived in New York.
It is not clear why Elisha did not want Paula to visit Mother Czerner. It is certainly known that there was bad feeling between the Czerners and Erwin because heavy pressure had been put on Erwin to marry Lotte and he had steadfastly refused.
Paula and Erwin were being forced to move into the Masna Street apartment and to take in a boarder, probably primarily for financial reasons arising from the new Nazi laws.
Kr. is an abbreviation for the Czech crown. In 1939 there were approximately twenty-five crowns to the US dollar.
Aunt Rosa Vogl was Paulas sister; Arnold was Rosa's son, who had emigrated to America in 1938, but was in Prague visiting at this time.
Dr [Joseph] Sperling was a friend and former medical student of Erwin's who was able to emigrate. He wrote many letters on Erwin's behalf.
Elsa Brok was another of Paula's six siblings.
On June 21, 1939, the date of Paula's letter, Von Neurath issued a comprehensive decree which implemented the Nuremberg racial laws of 1935 and excluded Jews from economic activity: they could not sell or transfer real estate, businesses or securities without permission. They had to report the possession of all precious metals, pearls and art objects by July 31, 1939.
* * *
Letter 2 From Erwin
Prikope 35 Prague June, 1939
Dear Irma and Moshko:
Now you have reached the goal of your long travel -I congratulate you. I wish you much luck in your undertaking – much success and contentment I wanted our letter to get there before your arrival in New York, but the present difficulties and work etc. make it impossible to write often. Helgichka is my little "assistant" and while I'm writing this she moves around everywhere, dusts and cleans up. Raya of course does not want to be left out and she has appointed herself the assistant for the waiting room and wants to turn on the light for the patients which Zanka often does not do. If I'm not busy, they are buzzing around me constantly – even now as I write this. Yesterday Sharp came back. Today at eleven Elisha has an appointment with [illegible] and tomorrow I will go and see Sharp.
As for your mother [Czernerl, the doctor did not want to remove the atheroma because it went too deep and he had no assistant, so it was taken care of at the Jewish clinic and fortunately is already healing.
Today I got a letter from Dr Sperling via The Yankee Clipper in which he recommends a doctor in Leeds, England, who would be willing to sponsor me and I would then be able to live there. I shall write him immediately. Also, he will get in touch with Froehlich from South Norwalk regarding affidavits for Mother and me. Then I got a letter from a London committee that my application would be put in the priority group of physicians who would be permitted to study and practice in Great Britain. This will be decided in a few weeks.
We will move to Masna St, #19, first floor. It's a new building – three nice rooms, hallway, many built-in shelves, refrigerator in the kitchen. Because of the diathermy, etc. the rent is 14, 500 Kr. It is also possible to rent out one room. It's very rainy here and the weather is bad. The Moldau is high and other rivers are flooding. Otherwise, there are many changes here since you left All the other relatives are still here. Brok is even on summer vacation. And Tante Steffi is exactly as difficult as at the time you left: — not better, as predicted.
Now, my assistants want to write so I will close with many kisses to all three of you and wish you luck in your new country. Now, I just got a call that I will have to pay your last telephone bill for 450 Kr., and since you don't want to have trouble with Mrs G. I shall pay the bill.
Erwin
* * *
Reverend Sharp was an American in charge of an emigration mission in Prague.
An atheroma is a benign fatty tumor.
"A doctor in Leeds" recommended by Dr Sperling was named Samuels. See Letters3, 5 and 7. It was hoped that he would provide a guarantee for Erwin, but apparently he did not do so.
Affidavits were vouchers guaranteeing that the émigrés would not become financial burdens on the nations that accepted them. The signer of the affidavit testified to the wage earning ability of the applicant and promised to take financial responsibility for him or her if that should become necessary. At this time, affidavits could be supplied only by a relative who was also an American citizen, but these rules kept changing.
Diathermy is heat therapy through electric current
The Moldau River runs through Prague.
Brok was Aunt Elsa's husband, Karl
The Froehlichs and the Czemers had agreed to refer to the Nazis by the code name Tante Steffi
The identity of "Mrs G" is not clear. One guess is that this name refers to the Nazi official who took over Max and Irma's apartment – or to the Czech mistress whom he installed there. The phone bill must be one that Max owed when he fled Prague.
* * *
Letter 3 From Erwin to Dr Joseph Sperling
Prikope 35 Prague June 27, 1939
Dear Joseph,
Only yesterday, the 26th, I got your letter from June 11th – that is one week later then the one from the 16th, which was sent by The Yankee Clipper. I am very curious about what news I will get from Dr Samuels in Leeds. I am very thankful for this opportunity and for the generous invitation from Mr Green. Although it takes a long time to get the English permit and visa, it is still a good feeling to know that I might have another option besides the USA.
Through my brother-in-law, I met an American here who has an emigration mission, and this man (named Rev. Sharp) has taken my curriculum vitae along to London and Paris. The result, as he reported, is approximately as follows: "I was in London June 12 — 14; there, I presented your case in the Medical Committee. I have no news except to say that you are registered with them – along with 400 other Czech doctors." However, I got news that I was put in the group of doctors allowed to practice in England – but the final decision on this will be made in a few months. This is a small hope. According to Sharp, there are several options, and he thinks I should interest myself in the possibility of going to Chile: "Jewish people are welcome there but must have 1200 pesos in landing money." He gave me the address of a Miss Marie Ginsberg, Comité pour le Placement des Intellectuels in Geneva, Switzerland, with a recommendation, and I wrote to her last week So another plan: Chile. He also told me: "Most South American countries want only professing Roman Catholics. Most of the medical missions want only Evangelical Protestants." And what does the USA want?
This time you have told us something about yourself. I am happy that you opted for Connecticut to establish your practice because New York is overcrowded with doctors. Perhaps you will settle in Norwalk, which will be very good ahd you will also have your hospital nearby. As far as your future plans are concerned, you are making me very curious.
And now, there will soon be a Dr Jacob Greenbaum arriving in New York. He will be staying with Mr Herman N. Opper, New York City, 501 E. 161st Street When you speak with him, please tell him I have not yet obtained the diploma – I inquired about it again yesterday. As soon as I get it, I will have it translated and notarized and will send it on.
In the next week or two I will write you only if I have something important to report because I will be very busy moving. My address is: Praha I, Masna Ulice 19.
I have not heard any news from my sister, who is now probably in N.Y. Aside from a telegram, it is unlikely that there would be any. She spoke to us on the phone from The Hague.
My nieces have gotten very used to me. Raya said to me today, "I don't want to go over the big ocean, because I would have to leave you here; but you could come right along, and we could share a practice, and I would wear a white coat with 'Assistant' written on it" Raya is five years old. It will not be so easy for the little ones to get a visa because if their father is not accompanying them they will not be considered under the Russian quota but under the Czech one.
Just now I received a cable from my sister: "Happy and healthy in N.Y."
Dr Schauer married an American woman three months ago. She was here for the purpose of a preferential visa; he is still here. This is a good example of your idea to marry!
What do you really intend to tell Frau Schanzer? It is regrettable that you have made so many frustrating attempts with regard to her. Just today I got an affidavit from the American consulate. I've had a photostat made in case I need it for the English permit My average earnings amount to about 1000 Kr. per month. The consulate writes, with regard to my permit, "Under the present immigration laws it is assumed that your turn might be reached within approximately two years. This estimate of your waiting time is given without any obligation."
Cordial regards also from my mother and greetings to your parents and lots of luck on your examinations,
Erwin
P.S. I wrote to Ing. Weinmann that you are sorry that you couldn't comply with his wishes and that the so called friendship affidavit would not be recognized here. On my affidavit, Frau Schanzer describes me as "a distant relative" of her late husband." I am very curious whether Mr Froehlich in South Norwalk will answer me. Now, really good-bye.
Best Regards! Erwin
* * *
Dr Jacob Greenbaum was another of
Erwin's medical colleagues.
Erwin's reference to Dr Schauer is a cynical comment on the belief – probably expressed by Joseph Sperling — that marrying a foreigner would be a good way to get out
The identity of Ing. Weinmann is not known. However, Erwin is referring here to the frustrating requirement that only relatives, and not friends, were allowed to provide affidavits at that time. Ing. was the abbreviation for the German word for "Engineer". This was a tide given to anyone who held an advanced degree in professions other than law or medicine. Max's Master's degree in economics entitled him to be addressed as "Herr Ing. Czerner."
(Continues...)
Excerpted from Letters from Prague, 1939-1941 by Raya Czerner Schapiro, Helga Czerner Weinberg. Copyright © 1991 Ray a Czerner Schapiro and Helga Czerner Weinberg. Excerpted by permission of Chicago Review Press Incorporated.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Table of Contents
Contents
Editors' Note,Background,
Family Trees,
The Letters,
Epilogue,
Appendix,
Notes,
Index,