Table of Contents
Preface ix
Introduction 1
Turn to the Subject
Completing the Turn to the Subject
Advantages and Contributions of this Approach
Sources
What Kind of a Book Is This?
Book Summary
1 From Introspection to Self-Appropriation 12
The Need for a Method
Difficulties in Studying Human Understanding
Introspection: Uses and Abuses
From Introspection to Self-Appropriation
Self-Appropriation that is Communal and Verifiable
Conclusion: an Empirical Method for Philosophy
2 Consciousness as an Experience 37
What is Consciousness?
Analysis and Definition
Clarification by Contrast
Defining Basic Terms
Understanding as an Activity
Conclusion
3 The Basic Act of Understanding (Part 1) 61
Introduction
Where to Look
Questioning: The Desire to Know
Active Element: Strategies for Thinking
Passive Element: It Comes Suddenly and Unexpectedly
Conclusion
4 The Basic Act of Understanding (Part 2) 80
Ideas Emerge from Images
Contrasting Images and Ideas
Relating Images and Ideas
Conception and Perception
The Notion of Emergence
Ideas Become Habitual
Conclusion
5 Developing Understanding 104
Introduction
Generalizing
Description to Explanation
Higher Viewpoints
Probabilities and Chance
Conclusion
6 How Understanding Becomes Knowledge 130
From Thinking to Knowing
The Critical Question Arises
Reflective Insight into Truth
Characteristics of a Judgment of Truth
The Criterion of Truth
7 Understanding and Knowing Values 155
Judging Moral Values
The Question of Value Arises
Scale of Values
Structure of Deliberative Insight
Deliberative Insights into Moral Values
The Affective Component of the Judgment of Value
Judgments of Value
Conscience as Criterion
Conclusion and Summary
8 Cognitional Structure 184
A Synthesis and Summary Thus Far
The Sequence of Activities that Constitutes One Knowing
Cognitional Structure-Explaining the Table
Immanent and Operative Norms
A Verifiable Cognitional Theory
Performance and Content
9 Understanding Misunderstanding 205
Conflict and Disagreement
Minor Sources of Misunderstanding
Dialectic at the Heart of Human Knowing
Imagination and Intelligence
Naïve Realism or Critical Realism
Intuition: Prom "Looking" to Knowing
Startling Strangeness
10 Establishing Critical Realism 238
Psychology of Knowledge
Transitioning to Philosophy
First Strategic Judgment: Self-Affirmation
Contrast with Descartes
Second Strategic Judgment: the Notion of Being
Third Strategic Judgment: Subjectivity and Objectivity
Conclusion
11 From Subjectivity to Objectivity 249
Subjectivity and Objectivity as Commonly Conceived
The Principal Notion of Objectivity
Immanence and Transcendence
Absolute Objectivity
Normative Objectivity
Experiential Objectivity
Conclusion
12 Mind Recovered 265
Being at Home in a Philosophy of Interiority
Method and Methods
Dialectic Remains to be Overcome
Conclusion
Bibliography 273
Index 281
