Table of Contents
Preface v
1 Physics with Trapped Charged Particles M. Knoop N. Madsen R. C. Thompson 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 History of Ion Traps 2
1.3 Principles of Ion Traps 3
1.4 Creation. Cooling and Detection of Ions 8
1.5 Applications of Ion Traps 16
1.6 Conclusions and Outlook 22
2 Detection Techniques for Trapped Ions M. Knoop 25
2.1 Electronic Techniques 26
2.2 Fluorescence Techniques 35
3 Cooling Techniques for Trapped Ions D. M. Segal Ch. Wunderlich 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Non-laser Cooling Techniques 45
3.3 Laser Cooling 48
3.4 Laser Cooling Using Electromagnetic-ally Induced Transparency 70
3.5 Cavity Cooling 76
3.6 Cooling Scheme Combining Laser Light and RF 77
4 Accumulation, Storage and Manipulation of Large Numbers of Positrons in Traps I - The Basics C. M. Surko 83
4.1 Overview 84
4.2 Positron Trapping 86
4.3 Positron Cooling 96
4.4 Confinement and Characterization of Positron Plasmas in Penning-Malmberg Traps 101
4.5 Radial Compression Using Rotating Electric Fields - the "Rotating-wall" (RW) Technique 111
4.6 Concluding Remarks 120
5 Accumulation, Storage and Manipulation of Large Numbers of Positrons in Traps II - Selected Topics C. M. Surko J. R. Danielson T. R. Weber 129
5.1 Overview 130
5.2 Extraction of Beams with Small Transverse Spatial Extent 131
5.3 Multicell Trap for Storage of Large Numbers of Positrons 143
5.4 Electron-Positron Plasmas 156
5.5 Concluding Remarks 166
6 Waves in Non-neutral Plasma F. Anderagg 173
6.1 Diocotron Waves 173
6.2 Plasma Waves 181
6.3 Cyclotron Waves 190
7 Internal Transport in Non-neutral Plasma F. Anderegg 195
7.1 Types of Collisions 195
7.2 Test Particle Transport 196
7.3 Heat Transport 208
7.4 Transport of Angular Momentum 212
7.5 Table of Transport Coefficients 216
8 Antihydrogen Formation and Trapping N. Madsen 219
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 Introduction to Antihydrogen Formation and Trapping 220
8.3 Antiproton Catching and Pre-cooling 223
8.4 Trapped Particles and Magnetic Multipoles 224
8.5 The Rotating-wall Technique 225
8.6 Antiproton Preparation 227
8.7 Positron Preparation 229
8.8 Evaporative Cooling of Charged Particles 230
8.9 Merging Antiprotons and Positrons 231
8.10 Trapped Antihydrogen and its Detection 232
8.11 Conclusions and Outlook 235
9 Quantum Information Processing with Trapped Ions C. F. Roos 239
9.1 Introduction 239
9.2 Storing Quantum Information in Trapped Ions 241
9.3 Preparation, Manipulation and Detection of an Optical Qubit 242
9.4 Entangling Quantum Gates 245
9.5 Quantum State Tomography 251
9.6 Elementary Quantum Protocols and Quantum Simulation 255
10 Optical Atomic Clocks in Ion Traps H. S. Margolis 261
10.1 Introduction 261
10.2 Principles of Operation 262
10.3 Systems Studied and State-of-the-art Performance 266
10.4 Systematic Frequency Shifts 268
10.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 271
11 Novel Penning Traps J. Verdú 275
11.1 Introduction 275
11.2 Penning Traps 276
11.3 The CPW Penning Trap 277
11.4 The Real CPW Penning Trap 282
11.5 Compensation of Electric Anharmonicities 284
11.6 Conclusions 285
12 Trapped Electrons as Electrical (Quantum) Circuits J. Verdú 289
12.1 Introduction 289
12.2 The Induced Charge Density 291
12.3 Detection of the Electron's Motion 292
12.4 Equivalent Electrical Circuit of the Trapped Particle 295
12.5 Coupling the Cyclotron Motion to a Superconducting Cavity 298
12.6 Conclusions 301
13 Basics of Charged Particle Beam Dynamics and Application to Electrostatic Storage Rings A. I. Papash C. P. Welsch 305
13.1 Introduction 306
13.2 Relativistic Energy and Momentum 310
13.3 Basic Features of Magnetic and Electrostatic Bends 311
13.4 Betatron Oscillations 316
13.5 Quadrupole Magnets 320
13.6 Strong Focusing 322
13.7 Summary 325
14 Electrostatic Storage Rings - An Ideal Tool for Experiments at Ultralow Energies A. I. Papash A. V. Smirnov C. P. Welsch 327
14.1 Introduction 328
14.2 Common Features of Electrostatic Storage Rings 329
14.3 Electrostatic Deflectors of Different Shapes 333
14.4 Electric Field Distribution in Electrostatic Deflectors 336
14.5 Equations of Motion in an Electrostatic Deflector 340
14.6 Nonlinear Effects in ESRs 343
14.7 Ion Kinetics and Long-term Beam Dynamics in Electrostatic Storage Rings 344
14.8 Benchmarking of Experiments 353
14.9 Conclusions and Outlook 355
Index 359
