Piping and Pipeline Calculations Manual: Construction, Design Fabrication and Examination
376
Piping and Pipeline Calculations Manual: Construction, Design Fabrication and Examination
376eBook
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Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780080958996 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Butterworth-Heinemann |
| Publication date: | 01/07/2010 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 376 |
| File size: | 9 MB |
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PIPING AND PIPELINE CALCULATIONS MANUAL
Construction, Design, Fabrication, and ExaminationBy J. Phillip Ellenberger
Butterworth-Heinemann
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc.All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-08-095899-6
Chapter One
Major Codes and Standards
OVERVIEW
The world of standards may seem to many to be something like the tower of Babel—there are so many different standards, some of which are called codes, that the problem seems daunting. This book is meant to help remove some of that difficulty.
One concern for any reader would be his or her geographical area. Or, to put it another way, which code does the jurisdiction for my area recognize, if any, as the one to use for my project? This is a question that can only be answered in that particular area.
One can say in general that there are three main codes in the piping and pipelines realm: the ASME codes in the United States and many parts of the world; the Din codes in Europe and other European-leaning parts of the world; and the Japanese codes, which have a great deal of significance in Asia.
The International Organization for Standards (ISO) standards are an emerging attempt to simplify the codification process by cutting down on the multiplicity of codes worldwide. As users of these codes and standards become more global in their reach, the need becomes more prevalent. However, there is a long way to go before we become a world where a single set of codes applies.
The dominant themes here will come from the American codes and standards such as ASME. Where appropriate, we will point to other sources, some of which are specifically mentioned in the following text. The main allowance for worldwide use will be the translation to metric from the U.S. customary units of measure. The ASME codes and other U.S. code-writing bodies are in various stages of converting within their written standards. Particularly in those parts of this book where calculation procedures are given, we will show them in both methods of measure.
It should also be pointed out that there are other standards-writing bodies that will be cited and their techniques used as we explore piping and pipelines. They include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following: Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS), American Petroleum Institute (API), American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM), Pipe Fabrication Institute (PFI), and American Welding Society (ASM).
In mentioning codes and standards one should also mention that in many nations there is a national standards organization. In the United States it is the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Again, each jurisdiction may have a different format, but the main emphasis is that a code with the national standards imprimatur is the de facto national standard.
In the United States once a standard has met the requirements and can call itself a national standard, no other standard on that specific subject can claim the imprimatur of a national standard for that subject. One of the relevant requirements of becoming an ANSI standard is balance. To obtain this balance as the standard is being written it must be reviewed and agreed on by people representing the major factors of the subject, including producers, users, and the public. Before it can be published it must go through an additional public review and comment phase. During this process all comments and objections must be addressed and resolved. In short, a national standard gives an assurance that all relevant aspects of that subject have been addressed.
With the exception that a jurisdiction may set a requirement that a particular standard must be utilized as a matter of law in that jurisdiction, a standard is only a basis or a guideline as to good practice. As previously mentioned, it might be the law in certain jurisdictions, and it certainly can be a requirement in any contract between parties, but as a code it is not needed until one of those requirements is met.
This may lead one to question what the difference is between a code and a standard. The simple answer is nothing of significance. When one reads the title of a B31 section, he or she will find that a code is a national standard. Code is a descriptive word that usually designates that the standard has some legal status somewhere. The major practical difference is that a code will have several aspects while a standard is primarily about one thing.
Some standards-writing bodies call their offerings something slightly different. For example, the MSS calls their offerings standard practices (SPs). The MSS has recently started converting some of their SPs to national standards. Because their membership is limited to manufacturers of flanges, valves, and fittings, they have to follow a different methodology to obtain the balance required by ANSI. This is called the canvass method, which is a part of the overall protocol of ANSI's requirements. It is designed for just such a situation as MSS where their preference is a single category—that is, manufacturers—and therefore does not meet the balance requirement.
STRUCTURE OF CODES
The basic structure of the ASME piping codes is fairly standard across all of the books. By following this nominal standard order a rough cross-reference between various books is achieved. Each book's paragraphs are numbered with the number of the book section as the first set of digits.
For example, for a paragraph in B31.1, the first digit is 1, while a paragraph in B31.3 has a first digit of 3, and in B31.11 it would be 11. As much as possible sequential numbering is common. This cannot be adhered to exactly because all books do not have the same concerns and therefore the same number of paragraphs. It does, however, guide a searcher to what another book says about the same paragraph or subject by leading him or her to the proper vicinity within the book.
The major exceptions come from B31.8, which has a different basic order of elements. Even though this order is different, the elements that are required to build a safe system are included, albeit in a different section of the book.
It is also true that there are significant differences in detail. For instance, B31.3 basically repeats certain paragraphs and numbers for different risk media. It has complementary numbering systems with a letter prefix for the number. For example, where B31.3 sets requirements for nonmetallic piping, the prefix is A3xx and the numbering again is as close to the same sequence as possible. Where applicable, in each paragraph something like the paragraph in the base code (nonprefix number) applies in its entirety or "except for," and then the exceptions are listed. When something has no applicable paragraph in that base code the requirements are spelled out completely.
Some sections of the codes are not in all codes. These are usually standalone portions of that particular book. Some have been previously mentioned. Not all codes have any reference to operation and maintenance. The pipelines, in particular, have extensive sections that are not in the piping codes. These include things like corrosion protection for buried piping, offshore piping, and sour gas piping.
CODE CATEGORIES
The eight major categories that the code covers are scope; design conditions; pressure design; flexibility and stress intensification; materials; standards; fabrication and assembly; and inspection, examination, and testing. Each is described in the following sections.
Scope
This is where the primary intent of the piping requirements is defined in a particular book. Scope will also include any exclusion that the book does not cover and will offer definitions of terms considered unique enough to require defining in that particular book. I repeat here that the final decision as to which code to specify for their project is up to the owners, considering the requirements of the jurisdiction(s).
Design Conditions
In this section the requirements for setting the design parameters used in making the calculations are established. These will generally include the design pressure and temperature and on what basis they may be determined. As applicable to the system considered in the scope there will be discussion of many loads that must be considered. Many of these are addressed in later parts of the code, some in specific detail and some left to appendices or the designer. All must be considered in some appropriate manner. There is also a section that defines how the allowable stresses listed within the code are established. If allowed, a procedure for unlisted material can be computed. It will also establish limits and allowances.
Pressure Design
This section gives the calculation and methodology to establish that the design meets the basic criteria. It is probably the most calculation-intensive portion of the code. There are additional parts as required by the intended scope to define requirements for service in piping components and piping joints.
Flexibility and Stress Intensification
These sections set the requirements for the designer to be sure that the piping is not overstressed from loads that are generated by other than the pressure. They may be loads generated from the thermal expansion of the piping system and they may come from other sources such as wind and earthquake. In this section most codes give only a partial methodology after some critical moments and loads have been generated by some other means such as computer programs or similar methods. The codes also address piping support requirements for both above ground and where applicable below ground. (Part II addresses concerns that these codes may create for readers.)
Materials
This section addresses those materials that are listed and those that may not be allowed and, if allowed, how to establish them. Often, it is in this section that the low temperature toughness tests are established. This is generally known as Charpy testing, but there may be other methods allowed.
Standards
This is the section where the other standards that the code has reviewed and consider applicable to that book are listed. The listing also includes the particular issue that is recognized by that book.
Fabrication and Assembly
It should be noted that above-ground piping systems are most times fabricated in a shop in spools, and then taken to the field where they are assembled by various means such as final welding, or if the spools are flanged, bolted together. On the other hand, the majority of the time pipelines are constructed in the field with field welding. This is not to say that in both cases other methods will not be used. It does describe why some books call it construction and some call it fabrication. Needless to say, there are differences in the requirements.
Inspection, Examination, and Testing
These three elements are grouped together because they essentially define the "proof of the pudding" requirements of the codes. In some manner all systems need to be tested for integrity before being put to use. Those requirements vary from book to book, and those variable requirements are defined. The codes in general put a dual responsibility in the area of checking or inspection and examination. The examination and documentation is the responsibility of the builder fabricator or contractor performing the work. The inspection is the responsibility of the owner's representative and he or she may perform an examination of the product and check the documentation in order to give the final approval.
With the exception of portions of B31.1 piping, namely boiler external piping, there are no requirements for third-party inspection and code stamping such as is required for some boilers and pressure vessels. This type of requirement may be imposed contractually as a certified quality-control system check, but in general is not mandatory.
As previously mentioned, each book may have special requirements areas for specific kinds of media or system locations. They are addressed individually in the book within that special area.
Let us set the field for the different B31 sections. In the process we can give a small background for each book. The original ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping was first introduced in 1935 as the single document for piping design. In 1955, ASME began to separate the code into sections to address requirements of specific piping systems, as follows.
B31.1: Power Piping is for piping associated with power plants and district heating systems as well as geothermal heating systems. Its main concern is the steam-water loop in conventionally powered plants. More recently, it has added a chapter to require maintenance plans for the plants that produce the power.
B31.2: Fuel Gas Piping Code was withdrawn in 1988, and responsibility for that piping was assumed by ANSI Z223.1. It was a good design document, and although it has been withdrawn, ASME makes it available as a reference.
B31.3: Process Piping (previously called the Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping Code) is the code that covers more varieties of piping systems. To cover this variety it has sections for different types of fluids. These fluids are basically rated as to the inherent risks in using that fluid in a piping system, so they have more restrictive requirements for the more difficult fluids.
B31.4: Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids basically is a buried pipeline transportation code for liquid products. It is one of the three B31 sections that are primarily for transportation systems. As such, they also have to work with many of the transportation regulatory agencies to be sure that they are not in conflict with those regulations.
B31.5: Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components is rather self-explanatory. It is primarily for building refrigeration or larger heat transfer systems.
B31.7: Nuclear Piping was withdrawn after two editions and the responsibility was assumed by ASME B&PV Code, Section III, Subsections NA, NB, NC, and ND. This code had some very good explanations of the requirements of piping design. This book may refer to those explanations, but will not specifically address the complex nuclear requirements.
B31.8: Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems addresses the transportation of gases, and it too is primarily for buried piping. It is another pipeline code. The Code of Federal Regulations (49CFR) is the law for these types of piping systems. As such, that code must present complementary requirements. Also, a gas pipeline would generally cover a fair amount of distance, and this may have several different degrees of safety requirements over the pipeline as it progressively proceeds through various population densities. Also, since natural gas has so much inherent risk, it is quite detailed in its safety and maintenance requirements.
B31.8S: Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines is a recently published book. This is a book defining how to establish a plan to handle the problems those inherent risks present.
B31.9: Building Services Piping addresses typical pressure piping systems that are designed to serve commercial and institutional buildings. Because these systems are often of less risk in regard to pressures, toxicity, and temperature, they have restrictive limits on these parameters. When the limits are exceeded the user is often referred to B31.1.
B31.11: Slurry Piping Systems is another transportation pipeline code that mostly applies to buried piping systems that transport slurries. It has increasingly limited usefulness as a standalone document, and may someday be included as a subset of B31.4. The expected use of slurries to transport such things as pulverized coal has not materialized.
B31.12: Hydrogen Piping System—this is a new code. It is in the final stages of first development. When it is released by ASME, it will have many similar sections to B31.3 and B31.8. It is planned as a three-part code that will include transportation, piping, and distribution. It will also have a general section that will include things that need only be said once for each of the other parts of the code. A separate section for hydrogen is needed because it has unique properties that affect the materials of construction, and is generally transported at much higher pressures. It also is an odorless highly flammable gas, and as such requires unique safety precautions.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from PIPING AND PIPELINE CALCULATIONS MANUAL by J. Phillip Ellenberger Copyright © 2010 by Elsevier Inc.. Excerpted by permission of Butterworth-Heinemann. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Table of Contents
PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Major codes and standard Common and Uncommon 2. Metric vs. US Customary measurement 3. Pipeline materials selection and use
PART II: CONSTRUCTION, DESIGN FABRICATION 1. Calculations for piping and pipeline sizing, friction losses and flow 2. Calculations for piping and pipeline pressure integrity regarding thickness, including straight pipe, curved pipe, and intersections. 3. Calculations regarding piping flexibility, reactions, for sustained, thermal and occasional loading. 4. Calculations for high frequency vibration as opposed to low frequency 5. Calculations for slug flow and fluid transients 6. Calculations for pipe supporting elements and methods. 7. Calculations for occasional loadings such as wind and earthquake 8. Calculations for such fabrication and examination elements as might lend them selves to calculations. 9. Calculations regarding valves and flow control
PART III: CHARTS GRAPHS AND OTHER HELPFUL GUIDES
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