Place Making: Developing Town Centers, Main Streets, and Urban Villages
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Place Making: Developing Town Centers, Main Streets, and Urban Villages
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Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780874202519 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Urban Land Institute |
| Publication date: | 01/01/2002 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 305 |
| File size: | 21 MB |
| Note: | This product may take a few minutes to download. |
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Place Making
Developing Town Centers, Main Streets, and Urban Villages
By Charles C. Bohl, Gary Cusumano
Urban Land Institute
Copyright © 2002 ULI-the Urban Land InstituteAll rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-87420-251-9
CHAPTER 1
The Place-Making Trend
There's no there, there. — Gertrude Stein, Everybody's Autobiography
Too much of anything is too much for me.
— Pete Townsend, "Too Much of Anything"
In sharp contrast to the suburban character of the surrounding neighborhoods and to the sprawling strip development that ripples along the fringes of Gainesville, Florida, Haile Village Center offers narrow streets and alleys, apartments and townhouses above shops and offices, a meetinghouse, and a village green. Why would the developer, Robert Kramer, have undertaken the challenging, long-term process of planning, designing, and building a mixed-use village center with a traditional layout and design? When several possible reasons for undertaking such a project were posed to him — such as the growing desire to provide suburban towns with an identity and a sense of place; to create more walkable neighborhoods; and to develop "smarter," more sustainable communities, he smiled and replied, "I thought the reason was to make money."
And so it must be, if town centers are to flourish. But Kramer was also driven by a desire to create a unique new place — and he has pursued a vision of that place steadfastly for many years.
Kramer and his partner, Matthew Kaskel, spent the early years of Haile Plantation's development thinking carefully about just what kind of place the village center should be. From the very beginning, they envisioned it as a traditional village center, and visited dozens of small towns and villages to collect ideas, writing out lists of social, community, and civic qualities and activities that the center should foster. But without their confidence in the center's ability to turn a profit, it would never have been built.
Today there are nearly 100 new town center projects of various types planned or under construction, and older main streets and downtowns are being renovated in an estimated 6,000 communities of all sizes. After a break of nearly 50 years, why are so many plans and projects for new, mixed-use town centers, main streets, and urban villages now emerging?
Until recently, the perception was that there was no money to be made in main street and town center projects. While developers and local redevelopment agencies worked hard to create successful mixed-use projects in downtown areas, fine-grained and pedestrian-friendly mixed-use developments in the suburbs continued to be viewed as inherently risky. Proposals for urban-scale, mixed-used developments in suburban settings were associated with the lunatic fringe, and were met with severe skepticism by financiers, potential tenants, local neighborhood groups, and public officials. Only edge-city locations were acceptable grounds for experimentation, and then only on a scale designed for the automobile, not for pedestrians. Why are main street and town center projects suddenly the focus of attention? What forces have come together to transform these projects from risky trips down memory lane into attractive investments and trend-setting developments? The forces are many, and include changing market demands, shifting public policy, new urban design ideas, and the cultural changes that are occurring as the tastes and attitudes of the Depression-era generation yield to those of the baby boomers, Generation X-ers, and beyond.
The "Quest for Community"
According to Real Estate Development: Principles and Process, "the excitement of identifying an unfulfilled human need and creating a product to fill it at a profit is the stimulus that drives development." Without sufficient demand for main street and town center settings, developers would not be going to such great lengths to build these complex and challenging projects, and municipalities would be extremely reluctant to approve and invest public funds in them. But with virtually no track record, what are the indications that there is a demand for such projects? What human needs are they designed to fulfill?
While surveys indicate that Americans continue to embrace the single-family home, they also reveal an extraordinary discontent with what Reid Ewing refers to as "the rest of the suburban package." In "Counterpoint: Is Los Angeles — Style Sprawl Desirable?", Ewing summarizes a wide variety of research supporting this view, including 11 studies indicating that "given the choice between compact centers and commercial strips, consumers favor the centers by a wide margin." Lending further support are the 1995 American LIVES survey, which found that nearly 70 percent of those surveyed were unhappy with suburbs as they currently exist, and the Pew Center's February 2000 survey, in which "sprawl" was cited as the number one concern across the nation. Much of the torrent of media attention focused on sprawl targets the patchwork of strips, centers, and "pods" of separate retail, office, and multifamily developments — an agglomeration that many people consider unattractive, congestion-inducing, and mind-numbingly monotonous.
According to real estate analyst Christopher Leinberger, "the real estate development industry now has 19 standardized product types — a cookie-cutter array of office, industrial, retail, hotel, apartment, residential, and miscellaneous building types." Leinberger notes that the formulas for these product types have been refined over many decades, making them relatively "easy and cheap to finance, build, trade, and manage." These development products are clearly successful at meeting the needs of businesses and consumers and form the very fabric of our metropolitan regions. However, while the real estate industry has become very good at building these projects, the projects themselves are not very good at building communities.
One alternative touted by smart growth advocates and new urbanists is to reconfigure portions of suburban office, retail, and higher-density residential development on infill sites to create traditional town centers or urban villages. These town centers would be designed as compact, mixed-use, pedestrian-oriented places — of the sort that could provide communities with a focal point and civic identity.
Americans' genuine dissatisfaction with sprawl and their interest in alternatives appear to be two sides of the same coin. The American LIVES survey, in which a remarkable 86 percent of suburban home-buyers stated a preference for town centers, also found that 29 percent favored the status quo, with "shopping and civic buildings distributed along commercial strips and in malls."
These sentiments, often described as a "quest for community," are apparent in the titles of recent books, such as Philip Langdon's A Better Place to Live, Terry Pindell's A Good Place to Live: America's Last Migration, and James Howard Kunstler's Home From Nowhere. For the authors of these and other books and articles, the elements most commonly identified as missing are what sociologist Ray Oldenburg has referred to as "third places." Third places are the traditional community gathering places found outside the home (our "first place") and the workplace (our "second place") and include cafés, taverns, town squares, and village greens. Where development is completely organized around the requirements of automobile travel, third places either become islands in a sea of parking, cut off from nearby neighborhoods — or, in the case of town squares and village greens, they become extinct. Many observers are convinced that these community gathering places are the missing ingredients that people in suburban areas and edge cities are looking for today. As Pindell writes, "Towns and cities whose social life coalesces around such places rather than the country club and the private home meet the first criteria for people looking for a good place to live today."
Newly created settings, like Mizner Park's Plaza Real and Reston Town Center's Fountain Square and ice-skating pavilion, are proving that these types of community gathering places are not simply nostalgic archetypes advanced by urban-history buffs, but real magnets for residents and visitors. Like colonial New England villages, today's town center projects typically revolve around a central plaza or park that establishes a public atmosphere and provides an ideal setting for the cafés, taverns, and bistros celebrated by Oldenburg. In fact, it is the space between buildings — the public realm of plazas, greens, squares, and walkable streets — that enables a town center or a main street to act as the third place for nearby neighborhoods and communities.
Place Identity
Closely related to the quest for community is the growing appreciation of how town centers, main streets, and urban villages can "put communities on the map," and establish a strong identity for new residential communities and existing towns and suburbs. Maturing edge cities, like Schaumburg, Illinois, and Owings Mills, Maryland — still touted by Joel Garreau, author of Edge Cities, as the wave of the future — are particularly likely to experience an identity crisis as the sum of their parts fails to add up to a community. When asked to explain the reasoning behind Baltimore County's proposal to create a town center for Owings Mills, the county executive explained, "It will give this community a heart, an identity, and a focal point." Even Tysons Corner, Virginia, the epitome of Garreau's edge city, is moving forward with a town center project. Commenting on the proposal, Fairfax county supervisor Gerald E. Connolly explained, "The idea is to try to put some personality into Tysons." As architect Rod Henderer, vice president of RTKL Associates, Inc., added, "There's a huge amount of office space, but there's never been a civic heart to Tysons. This is a measure to give that to Tysons. Most cities have a sense of place about them. Tysons does not, and it needs one."
For MPCs developed in the 1960s and 1970s, which consisted of hundreds or thousands of acres of low-density suburban neighborhoods, a town center can provide both a literal and symbolic center for the community in a way that a golf course and clubhouse cannot. Early village centers, like those in Columbia, Maryland, and Reston, Virginia, used a combination of innovative and conventional retail forms but fell short of expectations as both commercial and community centers. Reston's Lake Anne Village, for example, placed housing over retail along a lakefront, an innovative approach that performed poorly, in part, because it offered limited visibility from nearby roads that were not high-traffic to begin with. But whereas Lake Anne Village Center has continued on, with a core of longtime residents who feel quite connected to the center, other small village centers within Reston and Columbia that were oriented toward neighborhood shopping were outright failures and have been closed.
In recent years, MPCs approaching buildout, like Valencia, in California, and Miami Lakes and Haile Plantation, in Florida, have chosen traditional urban designs for their main streets and town centers. In contrast to the shopping centers of Columbia, Maryland, which are ringed by parking lots, Haile Village Center's Main Street can be quickly transformed into a pedestrian setting for farmers' markets and community festivals. And unlike Columbia, Haile Village Center has a main street, a central green and fountain area, and a meetinghouse, which provide gathering places for homeowners' association meetings, retirement parties, weddings, receptions, and other public and private events and celebrations.
For new communities, such as the traditional neighborhood developments (TNDs) of Celebration, in central Florida, and Kentlands and Lakelands, in Gaithersburg, Maryland, town centers provide an instant identity and a "downtown" that is capable of distinguishing these communities from residential subdivisions and planned unit developments that lack a pedestrian oriented core. With their sales offices and information centers strategically located in the downtown, the town centers in these communities act as ports of entry. Visitors and potential homebuyers often discover the town center first, with its refreshing, pedestrian-scale shopping and its public gathering spaces, then explore the residential neighborhoods.
The value of establishing a strong identity is also apparent in the mixed-use, urban village-style projects being developed by apartment builders like Post Properties, Inc.; Trammell, Crow Residential; and Avalon Bay Communities. The mix of uses, the urban ambience, and the pedestrian-oriented public realm immediately distinguish places like Post's Riverside, near Atlanta; Addison Circle, in Addison, Texas; and Phillips Place, in Charlotte, North Carolina, from other apartment, condominium, and townhouse complexes in those markets. Builders of MPCs and TNDs, and residential developers like Post, are discovering that people are willing to pay a premium to live in settings that include more traditional, pedestrian oriented centers of the sort that can give the community a stronger identity. Early homebuyer surveys in Orenco Station, a new urbanist community near Portland, Oregon, showed that potential residents were so excited about the town center concept that the developer decided to spur home sales by putting the first phase of the town center on a fast track — a strategy that has paid off, both by quickening the pace of residential sales and by leading to more rapid appreciation in prices.
Changing Preferences and Tastes
As Dolores Hayden shows in Redesigning the American Dream, the residential, commercial, and office settings of post — World War II suburbs were planned and designed largely to meet the needs of families that consisted of a working husband, a stay-at-home mom, and children. More recently, Dowell Myers has observed that the "traditional family of breadwinner father and stay-at-home mom now accounts for barely one-tenth of all households," and working mothers have become the norm. Married couples with children represented only 26.7 percent of all households in the 1990 census and had slipped to 23.5 percent by 2000; the other three-quarters of American households were made up of singles, families with no children, and single parents with children. According to the 2000 census, "nonfamily households" will soon account for one-third of all American households, and one-quarter of households currently consist of persons living alone.
American households are also growing older and more ethnically diverse. These demographic changes have important implications for real estate markets: for example, as compared to families with children, singles, couples with no children, and retirees are more likely to be attracted to smaller, lower-maintenance housing clustered within walking distance of employment, services, amenities, people, and activities. These demographic trends, together with the general lack of such diverse, mixed-use environments in America's suburbs, are bolstering the development of new town centers and urban villages.
New Housing Concepts: Selling Lifestyle, Not Density
Recent years have witnessed a resurgence in downtown housing markets that is being driven by young professionals, empty nesters, and others looking to escape traffic congestion, gain better access to urban amenities, and find lower-maintenance housing options. While suburban residential markets continue to dominate, housing permits in large cities more than doubled between 1991 and 1998, "growing at a faster rate than that of suburbs and metropolitan areas in general." As one observer notes, "These new homes all share ... one feature that, except on rare occasions, the suburbs do not offer: refreshing views of older, often refurbished, historical settings — the rediscovered charm of the inner city."
While urban living is gaining wider appeal, rustic loft conversions and renovated historic town-houses can satisfy only a portion of the demand for in town residences. At the same time, renters and purchasers looking for urban ambience expect all the conveniences they have become accustomed to in more suburban locations, including up-to-date layouts; modern plumbing, telecommunications, and electrical systems; convenient parking; and a sense of safety and security. These twin demands — for an urban lifestyle with suburban amenities — have created opportunities for savvy developers and innovative public sector agencies to integrate higher-density housing into town center and main street projects.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from Place Making by Charles C. Bohl, Gary Cusumano. Copyright © 2002 ULI-the Urban Land Institute. Excerpted by permission of Urban Land Institute.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
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Table of Contents
Contents
Foreword,Introduction,
Chapter 1 The Place-Making Trend,
Chapter 2 Learning from the Past: Town Centers and Main Streets Revisited,
Chapter 3 Timeless Design Principles for Town Centers,
Chapter 4 Emerging Formats for Town Centers, Main Streets, and Urban Villages,
Chapter 5 Launching a New Town Center: Feasibility and Financing,
Chapter 6 Breakthrough Projects Revisited,
Chapter 7 Case Studies,
Chapter 8 A Compendium of Planning and Design Ideas for Town Centers,