Planning Armageddon: British Economic Warfare and the First World War

by Nicholas A. Lambert

Overview

Before the First World War, the British Admiralty conceived a plan to win rapid victory in the event of war with Germany-economic warfare on an unprecedented scale.This secret strategy called for the state to exploit Britain's effective monopolies in banking, communications, and shipping-the essential infrastructure underpinning global trade-to create a controlled implosion of the world economic system.

In this revisionist account, Nicholas Lambert shows in lively detail how naval planners persuaded the British political leadership that systematic disruption of the global economy could bring about German military paralysis. After the outbreak of hostilities, the government shied away from full implementation upon realizing the extent of likely collateral damage-political, social, economic, and diplomatic-to both Britain and neutral countries. Woodrow Wilson in particular bristled at British restrictions on trade. A new, less disruptive approach to economic coercion was hastily improvised. The result was the blockade, ostensibly intended to starve Germany. It proved largely ineffective because of the massive political influence of economic interests on national ambitions and the continued interdependencies of all countries upon the smooth functioning of the global trading system.

Lambert's interpretation entirely overturns the conventional understanding of British strategy in the early part of the First World War and underscores the importance in any analysis of strategic policy of understanding Clausewitz's "political conditions of war."

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780674274631
Publisher:	Harvard University Press
Publication date:	01/01/2012
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	662
Sales rank:	1,033,226
File size:	1 MB

About the Author

Nicholas A. Lambert is Associate Fellow of the Royal United Services Institute, Whitehall, London. His first book, Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution, won the Distinguished Book Prize from the Society for Military History.

Table of Contents

Contents Introduction The Pre- War, 1901– 1914 1. The Emergence of Economic Warfare 2. The Envisioning of Economic Warfare 3. The Exposition of Economic Warfare 4. The Endorsement of Economic Warfare 7. Admiralty Infighting The Short War, 1914– 1915 5. “Incidentally, Armageddon Begins” 6. The Problem with Americans The Long War, 1915– 1916 8. Vigorous Indecision 9. A Management Problem 10. The Summer of Discontent 11. The End of the Beginning Conclusions Abbreviations Notes Primary Sources Acknowledgments Index

What People are Saying About This

Dennis Showalter

This massive, comprehensively researched work asserts Britain's attempt to solve a strategic problem by economics. A plan to destroy the German economy in the initial stage of World War I was modified only when its initial implementation threatened a global financial panic. Lambert's controversial and persuasive description of a British counterpart to the Schlieffen Plan, challenging a century's conventional wisdom, is a page turner.
— Dennis Showalter, Colorado College

Arthur Waldron

A remarkable academic achievement. By restoring economic theories of victory to their central place in the planning and early operations of World War I, Lambert reminds us how much of fundamental importance remains to be learned about that conflict, even after nearly a century.
— Arthur Waldron, University of Pennsylvania

Cameron Hazlehurst

Readers of British naval strategy in the Fisher era will be seduced and provoked by this admirably engaging, significant, and persuasive book. It is a work of meticulous scholarship, based on exhaustive exploration of sources, and challenging in its interpretations. Lambert is an outstanding scholar at the height of his powers.
— Cameron Hazlehurst, FRSL, FRHistS, Australian National University

Samuel R. Williamson

A magnificent achievement, one of the most important books in decades on the origins and conduct of the Great War. Lambert offers a complete rethinking of British strategy before and into the war. Readers will be feasting on this rich meal for years.
— Samuel R. Williamson, Jr., University of the South, emeritus

Keith Neilson

Lambert sheds important new light on why British politicians agreed to go to war in 1914, how the management of economic warfare and blockade was instrumental in transforming the government, and why we need to rethink Washington's relations with London. With a "what-happened next" quality that makes the reader keep turning pages, this book is a major contribution that will completely revise how we understand Britain's role in the First World War.
— Keith Neilson, Royal Military College of Canada

Editorial Reviews

A magnificent achievement, one of the most important books in decades on the origins and conduct of the Great War. Lambert offers a complete rethinking of British strategy before and into the war. Readers will be feasting on this rich meal for years.
-- Samuel R. Williamson, Jr., University of the South, emeritus

Lambert sheds important new light on why British politicians agreed to go to war in 1914, how the management of economic warfare and blockade was instrumental in transforming the government, and why we need to rethink Washington's relations with London. With a "what-happened next" quality that makes the reader keep turning pages, this book is a major contribution that will completely revise how we understand Britain's role in the First World War.
-- Keith Neilson, Royal Military College of Canada

A remarkable academic achievement. By restoring economic theories of victory to their central place in the planning and early operations of World War I, Lambert reminds us how much of fundamental importance remains to be learned about that conflict, even after nearly a century.
-- Arthur Waldron, University of Pennsylvania

Readers of British naval strategy in the Fisher era will be seduced and provoked by this admirably engaging, significant, and persuasive book. It is a work of meticulous scholarship, based on exhaustive exploration of sources, and challenging in its interpretations. Lambert is an outstanding scholar at the height of his powers.
-- Cameron Hazlehurst, FRSL, FRHistS, Australian National University

This massive, comprehensively researched work asserts Britain's attempt to solve a strategic problem by economics. A plan to destroy the German economy in the initial stage of World War I was modified only when its initial implementation threatened a global financial panic. Lambert's controversial and persuasive description of a British counterpart to the Schlieffen Plan, challenging a century's conventional wisdom, is a page turner.
-- Dennis Showalter, Colorado College

The story of how tensions during World War I took a different course from the Napoleonic era illuminates economic warfare's limitations with broader lessons for what it can and cannot accomplish. In Planning Armageddon, Nicholas Lambert meticulously reconstructs the process by which Britain developed and then implemented plans for economic warfare against Germany. His well-written, though detailed, account provides a revisionist interpretation of British strategy which calls into question received opinion on how the Royal Navy aimed to fight a European war.
-- William Anthony Hay Policy Review

In this formidable book, [Lambert] develops the thesis that between 1905 and 1912 the British Empire adopted a maritime strategy of economic warfare that was designed to bring down its major potential enemy—Germany—rapidly, efficiently and on its own. With meticulous scholarship he traces the emergence of this strategy and its 'envisioning,' exposition and endorsement… What is especially impressive about the book is the author's mastery of the contemporary global financial situation whose dynamics, based on shipping, credit and cables—and whose potential fragility—he explains very clearly… [Lambert] has produced a book of high-quality research and analysis, which is truly a landmark in the historiography of the First World War. The place of the British Empire in that conflict cannot be fully understood without exploring its accessible pages. Despite its weight, in all senses it is a book hard to put down.
-- Eric Grove Royal United Services Institute Journal

Lambert's Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution, which took the story [of British naval history] to the outbreak of the First World War, left readers thirsty to discover how he might transform our understanding of the war itself, having opened a completely new perspective on the pre-war years. We have waited thirteen years, but this massive book and the prodigious research it rests upon, fully justify the time it has taken... Nicholas Lambert's subject is not naval history at all in the classic sense but British grand strategy; how the British planned to fight before 1914, and why in the event they found themselves making war in ways they had previously decided were undesirable, unthinkable or fatal... Contrary to what almost all other historians have written, Lambert shows that the Cabinet had drawn sharply back from what in 1911 had briefly looked like committing the bulk of the British army to a Continental campaign. From 1912, Britain's war strategy was a form of economic blockade, based less on the physical interception of merchant ships at sea than on the exploitation of Britain's dominance of shipping and finance. Not the least important and original part of this book is its reconstruction of this strategy from the fragmentary and ambiguous evidence which has led so many other scholars in different directions... Time alone will tell whether Nicholas Lambert, who has demolished the ideas of so many other scholars, is himself vulnerable to revision. Few will match the massive scope and depth of his research.
-- N. A. M. Rodger Journal of Maritime History

This is a very important book. It questions a series of orthodoxies that have dominated the diplomatic, strategic, and naval history of the period from 1900 to 1916...Anyone writing about the development of British grand strategy, diplomacy, politics, civil-military relations and inter-service rivalries of this period will need to study this book. The resulting debate will affect how the First World War is understood, and how it lives in the present. The myth of a 'Continental commitment' has been dealt a major blow.
-- Andrew Lambert War in History

Lambert has given us the definitive history of the planning and administration of the [British] blockade through the first 18 months of the war.
-- Hugh Rockoff Economic History Review

From the Publisher

This massive, comprehensively researched work asserts Britain's attempt to solve a strategic problem by economics. A plan to destroy the German economy in the initial stage of World War I was modified only when its initial implementation threatened a global financial panic. Lambert's controversial and persuasive description of a British counterpart to the Schlieffen Plan, challenging a century's conventional wisdom, is a page turner.

Dennis Showalter

Lambert sheds important new light on why British politicians agreed to go to war in 1914, how the management of economic warfare and blockade was instrumental in transforming the government, and why we need to rethink Washington's relations with London. With a "what-happened next" quality that makes the reader keep turning pages, this book is a major contribution that will completely revise how we understand Britain's role in the First World War.

Keith Neilson

In this formidable book, [Lambert] develops the thesis that between 1905 and 1912 the British Empire adopted a maritime strategy of economic warfare that was designed to bring down its major potential enemy—Germany—rapidly, efficiently and on its own. With meticulous scholarship he traces the emergence of this strategy and its 'envisioning,' exposition and endorsement… What is especially impressive about the book is the author's mastery of the contemporary global financial situation whose dynamics, based on shipping, credit and cables—and whose potential fragility—he explains very clearly… [Lambert] has produced a book of high-quality research and analysis, which is truly a landmark in the historiography of the First World War. The place of the British Empire in that conflict cannot be fully understood without exploring its accessible pages. Despite its weight, in all senses it is a book hard to put down.

Royal United Services Institute Journal - Eric Grove

A remarkable academic achievement. By restoring economic theories of victory to their central place in the planning and early operations of World War I, Lambert reminds us how much of fundamental importance remains to be learned about that conflict, even after nearly a century.

Arthur Waldron

Lambert's Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution, which took the story [of British naval history] to the outbreak of the First World War, left readers thirsty to discover how he might transform our understanding of the war itself, having opened a completely new perspective on the pre-war years. We have waited thirteen years, but this massive book and the prodigious research it rests upon, fully justify the time it has taken... Nicholas Lambert's subject is not naval history at all in the classic sense but British grand strategy; how the British planned to fight before 1914, and why in the event they found themselves making war in ways they had previously decided were undesirable, unthinkable or fatal... Contrary to what almost all other historians have written, Lambert shows that the Cabinet had drawn sharply back from what in 1911 had briefly looked like committing the bulk of the British army to a Continental campaign. From 1912, Britain's war strategy was a form of economic blockade, based less on the physical interception of merchant ships at sea than on the exploitation of Britain's dominance of shipping and finance. Not the least important and original part of this book is its reconstruction of this strategy from the fragmentary and ambiguous evidence which has led so many other scholars in different directions... Time alone will tell whether Nicholas Lambert, who has demolished the ideas of so many other scholars, is himself vulnerable to revision. Few will match the massive scope and depth of his research.

Journal of Maritime History - N. A. M. Rodger

This is a very important book. It questions a series of orthodoxies that have dominated the diplomatic, strategic, and naval history of the period from 1900 to 1916...Anyone writing about the development of British grand strategy, diplomacy, politics, civil-military relations and inter-service rivalries of this period will need to study this book. The resulting debate will affect how the First World War is understood, and how it lives in the present. The myth of a 'Continental commitment' has been dealt a major blow.

War in History - Andrew Lambert

A magnificent achievement, one of the most important books in decades on the origins and conduct of the Great War. Lambert offers a complete rethinking of British strategy before and into the war. Readers will be feasting on this rich meal for years.

Samuel R. Williamson

Lambert has given us the definitive history of the planning and administration of the [British] blockade through the first 18 months of the war.

Economic History Review - Hugh Rockoff

Readers of British naval strategy in the Fisher era will be seduced and provoked by this admirably engaging, significant, and persuasive book. It is a work of meticulous scholarship, based on exhaustive exploration of sources, and challenging in its interpretations. Lambert is an outstanding scholar at the height of his powers.

Cameron Hazlehurst

The story of how tensions during World War I took a different course from the Napoleonic era illuminates economic warfare's limitations with broader lessons for what it can and cannot accomplish. In Planning Armageddon, Nicholas Lambert meticulously reconstructs the process by which Britain developed and then implemented plans for economic warfare against Germany. His well-written, though detailed, account provides a revisionist interpretation of British strategy which calls into question received opinion on how the Royal Navy aimed to fight a European war.

Policy Review - William Anthony Hay

Lambert's Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution, which took the story [of British naval history] to the outbreak of the First World War, left readers thirsty to discover how he might transform our understanding of the war itself, having opened a completely new perspective on the pre-war years. We have waited thirteen years, but this massive book and the prodigious research it rests upon, fully justify the time it has taken...Nicholas Lambert's subject is not naval history at all in the classic sense but British grand strategy; how the British planned to fight before 1914, and why in the event they found themselves making war in ways they had previously decided were undesirable, unthinkable or fatal...Contrary to what almost all other historians have written, Lambert shows that the Cabinet had drawn sharply back from what in 1911 had briefly looked like committing the bulk of the British army to a Continental campaign. From 1912, Britain's war strategy was a form of economic blockade, based less on the physical interception of merchant ships at sea than on the exploitation of Britain's dominance of shipping and finance. Not the least important and original part of this book is its reconstruction of this strategy from the fragmentary and ambiguous evidence which has led so many other scholars in different directions...Time alone will tell whether Nicholas Lambert, who has demolished the ideas of so many other scholars, is himself vulnerable to revision. Few will match the massive scope and depth of his research.
— N. A. M. Rodger

Journal of Maritime History

In this formidable book, [Lambert] develops the thesis that between 1905 and 1912 the British Empire adopted a maritime strategy of economic warfare that was designed to bring down its major potential enemy—Germany—rapidly, efficiently and on its own. With meticulous scholarship he traces the emergence of this strategy and its 'envisioning,' exposition and endorsement… What is especially impressive about the book is the author's mastery of the contemporary global financial situation whose dynamics, based on shipping, credit and cables—and whose potential fragility—he explains very clearly… [Lambert] has produced a book of high-quality research and analysis, which is truly a landmark in the historiography of the First World War. The place of the British Empire in that conflict cannot be fully understood without exploring its accessible pages. Despite its weight, in all senses it is a book hard to put down.
— Eric Grove

Royal United Services Institute Journal

The story of how tensions during World War I took a different course from the Napoleonic era illuminates economic warfare's limitations with broader lessons for what it can and cannot accomplish. In Planning Armageddon, Nicholas Lambert meticulously reconstructs the process by which Britain developed and then implemented plans for economic warfare against Germany. His well-written, though detailed, account provides a revisionist interpretation of British strategy which calls into question received opinion on how the Royal Navy aimed to fight a European war.
— William Anthony Hay

Policy Review