Power System Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operation of Power Systems and Equipment / Edition 1 available in Hardcover
Power System Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operation of Power Systems and Equipment / Edition 1
- ISBN-10:
- 3527407596
- ISBN-13:
- 9783527407590
- Pub. Date:
- 07/21/2008
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Power System Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operation of Power Systems and Equipment / Edition 1
Hardcover
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$175.95Overview
Describing in detail how electrical power systems are planned and designed, this book illustrates the required structures of systems, substations and equipment using international standards and latest computer methods.
Advantages and disadvantages of the different arrangements within switchyards and of the topologies of the power systems are discussed, describing methods to determine the main design parameters of cables, overhead lines, and transformers needed to realize the supply task, as well as the influence of environmental condition son the design and the permissible loading of the equipment. Additionally, general requirements for protection schemes and the main schemes related to the various protection tasks are given.
With its focus on the requirements and procedures of tendering and project contracting, this book enables the reader to adapt the basics of power systems and equipment design to special tasks and engineering projects.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9783527407590 |
---|---|
Publisher: | Wiley |
Publication date: | 07/21/2008 |
Pages: | 349 |
Product dimensions: | 6.70(w) x 9.60(h) x 0.90(d) |
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Table of Contents
Foreword XI
Introduction 1
Reliability, Security, Economy 1
Legal, Political and Social Restrictions 2
Needs for Power System Planning 4
Basic, Development and Project Planning 5
Basic Planning 5
System Development Planning 5
Project Planning 7
Instruments for Power System Planning 7
Further Tasks of Power System Engineering 10
Power System Load 11
General 11
Load Forecast with Load Increase Factors 12
Load Forecast with Economic Characteristic Data 13
Load Forecast with Estimated Values 14
Load Forecast with Specific Loads and Degrees of Electrification 14
Load Forecast with Standardized Load Curves 17
Typical Time Course of Power System Load 20
Planning Principles and Planning Criteria 23
Planning Principles 23
Basics of Planning 26
Planning Criteria 30
Voltage Band According to IEC 60038 30
Voltage Criteria 31
Loading Criteria 33
Stability Criteria 34
Economic Consideration and Loss Evaluation 37
Present Value and Annuity Method 37
Evaluation of Losses 38
Energy Losses 39
Power Losses 40
Topologies of Electrical Power Systems 45
Development of Power Systems 45
Recommended Voltage Levels 47
Topology of Power Systems 48
Radial Systems 48
Ring-Main Systems 50
Meshed Systems at HV and MV Levels 62
Meshed Systems at the LV Level 65
Special Operating Considerations 67
Arrangement in Gridstations and Substations 69
Busbar Arrangements 69
General 69
Single Busbar without Separation 69
Single Busbar with Sectionalizer 71
Special H-Arrangement 71
Double Busbar Arrangement 72
Double Busbar with Reserve Busbar 73
Arrangement in Switchyards 74
Breakers and Switches 74
Incoming and Outgoing Feeders 75
Current Transformers 75
Voltage Transformers 78
Transformers 81
General 81
Utilization and Construction of Transformers 81
Utilization of Transformers 81
Oil-Immersed Transformers and Dry-Type Transformers 83
Characteristic Data of Transformers 86
Operation of Transformers 86
Voltage Drop 86
Permissible Loading of Transformer Neutral 88
Thermal Permissible Loading 88
Temperature Models 88
Maximum Permissible Loading of Oil-Immersed Transformers 95
Maximal Permissible Loading of Dry-Type Transformers 102
Economical Operation of Transformers 105
Short-Circuit Strength 106
Cable Systems 111
General 111
Construction Details 112
Electrical Parameters of Cables 114
Losses and Permissible Current 115
General 115
Calculation of Losses 118
Soil Characteristics 120
Thermal Resistances of Cables 123
Calculation according to VDE 0276-1000 124
Determination of Maximal Permissible Loading by Computer Programs 126
Planning and Design of Cable Routes and Trenches 127
Coordination with Other Cables and Pipes 127
Effect of Thermally Unfavorable Areas 129
Influence of Other Parameters 130
Short-Circuit Withstand Capability 132
General 132
Rating of Cable Screens 134
Overhead Lines 137
General 137
Permissible Loading (Thermal) Current 137
Design Limits 137
Losses 138
Heating by Solar Radiation 140
Heat Dissipation by Radiation and Convection 142
Examples for Permissible Thermal Loading 145
Electric Field Strength 145
Sag, Tensions and Minimum Distances 148
Minimal Length of Insulation 148
Conductor Sag and Span Length 150
Short-Circuit Thermal Withstand Strength 151
Right-of-way (ROW) and Tower Arrangement 153
Cost Estimates 156
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) 159
Basics of Transmission of Power through Lines 159
Parallel Compensation of Lines 163
Serial Compensation of Lines 165
Phase-Shifting Equipment 166
Improvement of Stability 168
Load-Flow and Short-Circuit Current Calculation 173
Load-Flow Calculation 173
Calculation of Short-Circuit Currents 175
General 175
Initial Short-Circuit Current (AC) 179
Peak Short-Circuit Current 179
Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current 182
Steady-State Short-Circuit Current 183
Influence of Synchronous and Asynchronous Motors 183
Short-Circuit Withstand Capability 185
Limitation of Short-Circuit Currents 187
General 187
Measures in Power Systems 188
Measures in Installations and Switchgear Arrangement 193
Measures Concerning Equipment 199
Connection of "Green-Energy" Generation to Power Systems 205
General 205
Conditions for System Connection 208
General 208
Short-Circuit Currents and Protective Devices 209
Reactive Power Compensation 209
Voltage Fluctuations and Voltage Increase 210
Harmonic and Interharmonic Currents and Voltages 211
Flicker 213
Voltage Unbalance 214
Protection of Equipment and Power System Installations 217
Faults and Disturbances 217
Criteria for Operation of Protection Devices 218
General Structure of Protective Systems; Transducers 220
Protection of Equipment 222
Protection of Lines (Overhead Lines and Cables) 223
General 223
Overcurrent Protection 224
Distance (Impedance) Protection 226
Differential Protection of Lines 231
Ground-Fault Protection 231
Protection of Transformers 233
General 233
Differential Protection 233
Overcurrent Protection, Distance Protection, Ground-Fault Protection 234
Buchholz Protection 235
Protection of Busbars 236
Current Criteria for Busbar Protection 236
Impedance Criteria for Busbar Protection 237
Protection of Other Equipment 237
Reference List of IEC-Symbols and ANSI-Code-Numbers 237
Overvoltages and Insulation Coordination 239
General; Definitions 239
Procedure of Insulation Coordination 241
Determination of the Representative Overvoltages 242
Continuous Power-Frequency Voltage and Temporary Overvoltages 242
Slow-Front Overvoltages 243
Fast-Front Overvoltages 245
Determination of the Coordination Withstand Voltage and the Required Withstand Voltage 252
Selection of the Rated Voltage 254
Application Example 257
Influence of Neutral Earthing on Single-Phase Short-Circuit Currents 263
General 263
Power System with Low-Impedance Earthing 264
Power System Having Earthing with Current Limitation 268
Power System with Isolated Neutral 270
Power System with Resonance Earthing (Petersen Coil) 275
General 275
Calculation of Displacement Voltage 279
Tuning of the Petersen Coil 282
Earthing of Neutrals on HV Side and LV Side of Transformers 284
Tendering and Contracting 289
General (Project Definition) 289
Terms of Reference (TOR) 291
Background 291
Objective 291
Scope of Engineering Activities 292
Project Funding 293
Form of Tendering 293
International Tendering 294
Prequalification 294
Short Listing 295
Planning and Design 295
Tender Structure 297
General 297
Tender Set-up 298
General Technical Specifications 300
Scope of Work and Supply 308
General 308
380kV Switchgear 308
123kV Switchgear 309
Transformers and Reactors 309
Telecommunication System 310
Technical Data Sheets 310
Tendering Period and Evaluation of Tender 312
Tendering Period 312
Bid Evaluation 317
Contracting 317
Appendix 321
References 325
Index 331