QOS-Enabled Networks: Tools and Foundations

by Miguel Barreiros, Peter Lundqvist

Overview

With a foreword by Kannan Kothandaraman

"This is the first book about QOS that I actually enjoyed reading precisely because the authors focused on real-life QoS and not in academic discussions about it."
Per Nihlen, IP Network Manager, NORDUnet

The new authoritative, practical guide to delivering QOS guarantees

This new benchmark in quality of service (QOS) study is written by two experts in the field who deal with QOS predicaments every day. The authors not only provide a lucid understanding of modern theory of QOS mechanisms in packet networks but how to apply them in practice. In addition, they detail the QOS management features found in modern routers used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and large enterprise companies and networks, all in an effort to enable network managers and engineers to configure production networks with a quality of service guarantee. The book's focus on addressing network behavior ("real effects") in relation to the configuration of network elements (routers and switches), is both refreshing and insightful.

QOS-Enabled Networks contains up-to-date coverage of:

• QOS mechanisms in packet networks and how to apply them in practice
• QOS management features now common in modern-day routers
• How network behavior is related to configuration of network elements
• Layer 2 VPN and QOS
• QOS in mobile LTE networks

QOS-Enabled Networks is an invaluable guide for networking engineers needing to provide QOS services for service providers, ISPs and large enterprises, as well as for network design and operations engineers.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780470976746
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	11/11/2010
Sold by:	JOHN WILEY & SONS
Format:	eBook
Pages:	248
File size:	5 MB

About the Author

Miguel Barreiros is the Data Center Practice Lead at Juniper Networks responsible for the EMEA region. Previously he was a Senior Solutions Consultant focused on both Data Centers and IP/MPLS networks Since he joined Juniper Networks in 2006 he has been focused in the creation and development of solutions, and involved in projects that span all stages of building and expanding networks, from design and testing through implementation and ongoing maintenance. He began his networking career in 2000, when as a hobby he was network administrator for a British multiplayer gaming website that hosted network servers for various video games. Miguel has a B.Sc. degree in Electronics and Computer Engineering from Instituto Superior Técnico. He holds Juniper Networks Certificate Internet Expert (JNCIE) 193 and is a Juniper Networks Certified Instructor.

Peter Lundqvist, Systems Engineer, Arista Networks, Sweden
Peter Lundqvist works in system engineering at Arista Networks since May 2014. Prior to this, he was a senior Beta Engineer at Juniper Networks, supporting the field test and rollout of new features and solutions before they are public available. He has been responsible for the testing of several of the newly deployed QOS features.  Before working in the Engineering department, Peter worked as professional services engineer, in network design and implementation of large-scale networks, several of them including QOS features. Peter worked for more than 13 years at Juniper Networks, prior to which he worked in Cisco Systems as Consulting Engineer.

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Table of Contents

About the Authors.

Foreword.

Preface.

Acknowledgements.

PART I THE QOS REALM.

1 - QOS world.

1.1 Operation and Signaling.

1.2 Standards and Per-Hop Behavior.

1.3 Traffic Characterization.

1.4 A Router without QOS.

1.5 Conclusion.

References.

Further Reading.

2 - The QOS tools.

2.1 Classifiers and Classes of Service.

2.2 Metering and Coloring – CIR/PIR Model.

2.3 Policer.

2.4 Shaper.

2.5 Comparing Policing and Shaping.

2.6 Queue.

2.7 Scheduler.

2.8 Rewrite tool.

2.9 Example of Combining Tools.

2.10 Delay and Jitter Insertion.

2.11 Packet Loss.

2.12 Conclusion.

Reference. 

3 Challenges.

3.1 Defining the Classes of Service.

3.2 Classes of Service and Queues Mapping.

3.3 Inherent Delay Factors.

3.4 Congestion Points.

3.5 Trust Borders.

3.6 Granularity Levels.

3.7 Control Traffic.

3.8 Trust, Granularity, and Control Traffic.

3.9 Conclusion.

Further Reading. 

4 Traffic Types.

4.1 Anatomy of the TCP protocol.

4.2 The TCP Session.

4.3 TCP Congestion Mechanism.

4.4 TCP Congestion Scenario.

4.5 PMTU.

4.6 QOS Conclusions for TCP.

4.7 Real-Time traffic.

4.8 Anatomy of Real-Time Traffic.

4.9 RTP.

4.10 VOIP.

4.11 QOS conclusions for VOIP.

4.12 IPTV.

4.13 Long-lived versus short-lived sessions.

4.14 Example of Internet Radio/Video.

4.15 Example of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Applications.

4.16 Discovering P2P on the Network.

4.17 Illegal file Sharing and Copyright Violation.

4.18 QOS Conclusions for New Internet Applications.

References.

Further Reading.

5 Classifiers.

5.1 Packet QOS Markings.

5.2 Inbound Interface Information.

5.3 Deep packet inspection.

5.4 Selecting Classifiers.

5.5 The QOS Network Perspective.

5.6 MPLS DiffServ-TE.

5.7 Mixing Different QOS Realms.

5.8 Conclusions.

Further Reading.

6 Policing and Shaping.

6.1 Token Buckets.

6.2 Traffic Bursts.

6.3 Dual-Rate Token Buckets.

6.4 Shapers and Leaky Buckets.

6.5 Excess Traffic and Oversubscription.

6.6 Comparing and Applying Policer and Shaper Tools.

6.7 Conclusion.

Reference.

7 Queuing and Scheduling.

7.1 Queuing and Scheduling Concepts.

7.2 Packets and Cellification.

7.3 Different Types of Queuing Disciplines.

7.4 FIFO - First in, First out.

7.5 Fair Queuing.

7.6 Priority Queuing.

7.7 Weighted Fair Queueing.

7.8 Weighted Round Robin.

7.9 Deficit Weighted Round Robin.

7.10 Priority-Based Deficit Weighted Round Robin.

7.10 Conclusions about the Best Queuing Discipline.

Further Reading.

8 Advanced queueing topics.

8.1 Hierarchical Scheduling.

8.2 Queues Lengths and Buffer Size.

8.3 Dynamically Sized versus Fixed-size Queue Buffers.

8.4 RED Random Early Discard.

8.5 Using RED with TCP Sessions.

8.6 Differentiating Traffic  Inside a Queue with WRED.

8.7 Head versus Tail RED.

8.8 Segmented and interpolated RED profiles.

8.9 Conclusion.

Further Reading.

9 The VPLS Case Study.

9.1 High-Level Case Study Overview.

9.2 Virtual Private Networks.

9.3 Service Overview.

9.4 Service Technical Implementation.

9.5 Network Internals.

9.6 Classes of Service and Queue Mapping.

9.7 Classification and Trust Borders.

9.8 Admission Control.

9.9 Rewrite Rules.

9.10 Absorbing Traffic Bursts at the Egress.

9.11 Queues and Scheduling at Core-Facing Interfaces.

9.12 Queues and Scheduling at Customer-Facing Interfaces.

9.13 Tracing a Packet Through the Network.

9.14 Adding More Services.

9.15 Multicast Traffic.

9.16 Using Bandwidth Reservations.

9.17 Conclusion.

Further Reading.

10 Case Study IP RAN and Mobile Backhaul QOS.

10.1 Evolution from 2G to 4G.

10.2 2G Network Components.

10.3 Traffic on 2G Networks.

10.4 3G Network Components.

10.5 Traffic on 3G Networks.

10.6 LTE Network Components.

10.7 LTE Traffic Types.

10.8 LTE Traffic Classes.

10.9 Conclusion.

References.

Further reading.

11 Conclusion.

Index.

Index.

Editorial Reviews

"My long-time friends Miguel Barreiros and Peter Lundqvist have deep experience designing modern QoS strategies, and they share that experience in this book, from modern QoS building blocks to applied case studies. They’ll equip you well for designing the best QoS approach for your own network."
—Jeff Doyle

"An excellent overview of the fundamentals of QoS tools and their application, "QoS-enabled Networks" can serve both as an introduction and as a reference. Free from vendor-specific implementation details and configuration knobs, the book focuses on core concepts and on how to apply them to real-world scenarios, making this complex topic come into sharp focus"
—Ina Minei, Network Architect, Google

"This book addresses the real world scenarios faced by many telcos across the globe. Prioritisation and scheduling at the forefront of network design is key to every telco’s utopia of a fully converged, multiservice network. A great resource in the designers tool kit"
—Phill Magill, Head of Network Innovation at Talk Talk Group

"This is the first book about QOS that I actually enjoyed reading precisely because the authors focused on real-life QoS and not in academic discussions about it."
—Per Nihlen, IP Network Manager, NORDUnet

"This book provides a new approach of the complex realm which is the QoS . It offers a detailed theoretical explanation of QoS mechanisms but also great case studies of concrete QoS applications. This book allowed me to better grasp complex QoS configurations such as the hierarchical CoS in BNG environment."
—David Roy, IP/MPLS NOC engineer - Orange France

"This book contains useful scenarios and real world case studies which expertly convert theoretical knowledge in practical application"
—Matheu Leonards, Head of Architecture, Finance and Risk, Thomson Reuters

"Mercifully, this book is not a dry academic dissertation on QoS. Rather, it offers an accessibly written and useful insight into the concepts and mechanisms of QoS that augment the tool kit of today’s Network Engineer"
—Russell Thompson, Network Engineer, Telstra

From the Publisher