Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination

by John Tolan

Overview

In the first century of Islam, most of the former Christian Roman Empire, from Syria to Spain, was brought under Muslim control in a conquest of unprecedented proportions. Confronted by the world of Islam, countless medieval Christians experienced a profound ambivalence, awed by its opulence, they were also troubled by its rival claims to the spiritual inheritance of Abraham and Jesus and humiliated by its social subjugation of non-Muslim minorities. Some converted. Others took up arms. Still others, the subjects of John Tolan's study of anti-Muslim polemics in medieval Europe, undertook to attack Islam and its most vivid avatar, the saracen, with words.

In an effort to make sense of God's apparent abandonment of Christendom in favor of a dynamic and expanding Muslim civilization, European writers distorted the teachings of Islam and caricatured its believers in a variety of ways. What ideological purposes did these portrayals serve? And how, in turn, did Muslims view Christianity? Feelings of rivalry, contempt, and superiority existed on both sides, tinged or tempered at times with feelings of doubt, inferiority, curiosity, or admiration. Tolan shows how Christian responses to Islam changed from the seventh to thirteenth centuries, through fast-charging crusades and spirit-crushing defeats, crystallizing into polemical images later drawn upon by Western authors in the fourteenth to twentieth centuries. Saracens explores the social and ideological uses of contempt, explaining how the denigration of the other can be used to defend one's own intellectual construction of the world.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780231123327
Publisher:	Columbia University Press
Publication date:	05/01/2002
Pages:	400
Product dimensions:	6.10(w) x 9.20(h) x 1.00(d)
Lexile:	1430L (what's this?)
Age Range:	18 Years

About the Author

John V. Tolan is Maître de Conférences en histoire medievale, Department d'histoire, Université de Nantes. He is the author of Petrus Alfonsi and His Medieval Readers and editor of Medieval Christian Perceptions of Islam: A Collection of Essays.

Table of Contents

Introduction: Riccoldo's Predicament or, How to Explain Away the Successes of a Flourishing Rival Civilization
Part 1: Foundations (Seventh—Eighth Centuries)
1: God and History in the Christian West c. 600
2: Islamic Dominion and the Religious Other
3: Early Eastern Christian Reactions to Islam
Part 2: Forging Polemical Images (Eighth—Twelfth Centuries)
4: Western Christian Responses to Islam (Eighth—Ninth Centuries)
5: Saracens as Pagans
6: Muhammad, Heresiarch (Twelfth Century)
Part 3: Thirteenth-Century Dreams of Conquest and Conversion
7: The Muslim in the Ideologies of Thirteenth-Century Christian Spain
8: Apocalyptic Fears and Hopes Inspired by the Thirteenth-Century Crusades
9: Franciscan Missionaries Seeking the Martyr's Palm
10: The Dominican Missionary Strategy
11: From Verdant Grove to Dark Prison: Realms of Mission in Ramon Llull

Editorial Reviews

Had the late Edward Said and Daniel Norman collaborated to produce a volume incorporating their particular hermeneutical expertise and scholastic grasp of religious polemics it may well have looked something similar to John V. Tolan'sSaracens.... Tolan's work, which is superbly researched, explores the plethora of distorted representations of Islam perpetuated throughout the period.

Mohammed Siddique Seddon

The best of all recently published books on Christian-Islamic relations.

Riligious Studies Review - Gregory Miller

Medievalist Tolan shows how the relatively fluid European beliefs about Islam turned rigid in the 13th century, leading to strict laws that separated Christians from Muslims and produced even greater distortions in perception.

Saudi Aramco World

Tolan, whose earlier work is devoted to the Muslims in Spain, has gathered Western medieval sources up to 1300 describing Islam, both the religion and its adherents, and attempting to comprehend Islam's place in the world. Chapters on the 13th century analyze the writing of the missionary Ramon Llull, the views of other missionaries, and the official views of their orders, the Franciscans and the Dominicans. Writings included from the 7th- 13th centuries consider the Muslims in Spain, Islam as heresy (a constant motif), stereotypes that ascribe practices of pagan idolatry to Muslims, and the Crusades to the Holy Land. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Booknews

Saracens contains comprehensive notes, a thorough bibliography, and an excellent index... A useful summary of the current state of hitoriography in the field.

History - William E. Watson

A thoroughgoing reference work like Saracens was long overdue; it is also quite timely.

Catholic Historical Review - David Blanks

A significant contribution to the study of Islam's place in the medieval Christian imagination, this work is highly recommended.

Choice

Tolan's model for Christian attitudes toward Islam is the reactions of early Christians to the Roman Empire... Tolan's book is full of interesting details on individual thinkers' views on Islam and provides a welcome addition.

Anna Sapir Abulafian Historical Review

Tolan's book is welcome as a rare systematic treatment of medieval Christian attitudes toward Muslims.... Tolan's remarks invite us to explore the important question of why that is so.

Speculum - Tomaz Mastnak

Tolan's model for Christian attitudes toward Islam is the reactions of early Christians to the Roman Empire... Tolan's book is full of interesting details on individual thinkers' views on Islam and provides a welcome addition.

American Historical Review - Anna Sapir Abulafia

The best of all recently published books on Christian-Islamic relations.

— Gregory Miller

Riligious Studies Review

Had the late Edward Said and Daniel Norman collaborated to produce a volume incorporating their particular hermeneutical expertise and scholastic grasp of religious polemics it may well have looked something similar to John V. Tolan's Saracens.... Tolan's work, which is superbly researched, explores the plethora of distorted representations of Islam perpetuated throughout the period.

— Mohammed Siddique Seddon

Muslim World Book Review

A thoroughgoing reference work like Saracens was long overdue; it is also quite timely.

— David Blanks

Catholic Historical Review

Tolan's model for Christian attitudes toward Islam is the reactions of early Christians to the Roman Empire... Tolan's book is full of interesting details on individual thinkers' views on Islam and provides a welcome addition.

— Anna Sapir Abulafia

American Historical Review

Tolan's book is welcome as a rare systematic treatment of medieval Christian attitudes toward Muslims.... Tolan's remarks invite us to explore the important question of why that is so.

— Tomaz Mastnak

Speculum

Saracens contains comprehensive notes, a thorough bibliography, and an excellent index... A useful summary of the current state of hitoriography in the field.

— William E. Watson

History