Table of Contents
Preface ix
A brief note on effect size xi
1 Teaching, learning and the curriculum 1
Teachers' expertise 1
How students learn 3
Research on effective teaching 8
Appraising teachers' effectiveness 10
E-teaching and learning 11
Curriculum matters 14
Differentiating the curriculum 18
Online resources 20
Print resources 21
2 Teacher-directed approaches 23
Expository teaching 24
Direct instruction 28
Precision teaching 32
Mastery learning 34
Interactive whole-class teaching 37
Importance of reteaching 39
Teaching of cognitive strategies 39
Computer-based learning 42
Online resources 49
Print resources 50
3 Student-centred approaches to learning 51
Discovery learning 52
Resource-based learning 56
Project-based learning 59
Problem-based learning 62
Task-based learning 66
Task-based language learning 67
Situated learning 69
Anchored instruction 72
Online resources 74
Print resources 75
4 Variables and interactions that affect learning and teaching 77
Establishing attention 77
Questioning 81
Discussions 85
Peer tutoring 87
Cooperative learning 90
Reciprocal teaching 92
Parental involvement 94
Online resources 97
Print resources 98
5 Learning difficulties 99
Curriculum as a source of difficulty 100
Culturally appropriate curricula 101
Adapting and differentiating the curriculum 103
Inappropriate or insufficient teaching 107
Adapting instruction 109
Learning difficulties: general and specific 111
Response to Intervention (Rtl) model 114
Online resources 115
Print resources 116
6 Teaching approaches for literacy 117
Teaching students to read 118
Beginning to read 121
Phonic skills 124
Building sight vocabulary 125
Multisensory teaching methods 126
Developing comprehension 128
Learning difficulties in writing 132
Approaches to the teaching of writing 134
Word processors 137
Teaching spelling 138
Online resources 142
Print resources 142
7 Teaching approaches for numeracy 143
Goals of numeracy and mathematics education 144
Curriculum content 145
Numeracy teaching and learning 146
Numeracy skills used strategically 150
Digital technology 153
Differentiation 154
Teaching that is less effective 155
Learning difficulties 156
Online resources 160
Print resources 161
8 Teaching the sciences 163
Science is for all students 164
Approaches to teaching and learning 166
Basic procedures 168
Poor-quality instruction 169
Learning difficulties 169
Differentiation 177
Misconceptions 178
Online resources 180
Print resources 180
9 Teaching the humanities and social sciences 181
Learning outcomes 182
Basic teaching strategies 183
Using group discussion effectively 184
The use of field trips 184
History 185
Geography 188
Issues in teaching the humanities and social sciences 191
Mixed-ability classes 194
Anticipating areas of difficulty 195
Applying basic skills 197
Online resources 199
Print resources 200
References 201
Index 235
