The Color of the Land: Race, Nation, and the Politics of Landownership in Oklahoma, 1832-1929

The Color of the Land brings the histories of Creek Indians, African Americans, and whites in Oklahoma together into one story that explores the way races and nations were made and remade in conflicts over who would own land, who would farm it, and who would rule it. This story disrupts expected narratives of the American past, revealing how identities-race, nation, and class-took new forms in struggles over the creation of different systems of property.

Conflicts were unleashed by a series of sweeping changes: the forced "removal" of the Creeks from their homeland to Oklahoma in the 1830s, the transformation of the Creeks' enslaved black population into landed black Creek citizens after the Civil War, the imposition of statehood and private landownership at the turn of the twentieth century, and the entrenchment of a sharecropping economy and white supremacy in the following decades. In struggles over land, wealth, and power, Oklahomans actively defined and redefined what it meant to be Native American, African American, or white. By telling this story, David Chang contributes to the history of racial construction and nationalism as well as to southern, western, and Native American history.

1101137322
The Color of the Land: Race, Nation, and the Politics of Landownership in Oklahoma, 1832-1929

The Color of the Land brings the histories of Creek Indians, African Americans, and whites in Oklahoma together into one story that explores the way races and nations were made and remade in conflicts over who would own land, who would farm it, and who would rule it. This story disrupts expected narratives of the American past, revealing how identities-race, nation, and class-took new forms in struggles over the creation of different systems of property.

Conflicts were unleashed by a series of sweeping changes: the forced "removal" of the Creeks from their homeland to Oklahoma in the 1830s, the transformation of the Creeks' enslaved black population into landed black Creek citizens after the Civil War, the imposition of statehood and private landownership at the turn of the twentieth century, and the entrenchment of a sharecropping economy and white supremacy in the following decades. In struggles over land, wealth, and power, Oklahomans actively defined and redefined what it meant to be Native American, African American, or white. By telling this story, David Chang contributes to the history of racial construction and nationalism as well as to southern, western, and Native American history.

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The Color of the Land: Race, Nation, and the Politics of Landownership in Oklahoma, 1832-1929

The Color of the Land: Race, Nation, and the Politics of Landownership in Oklahoma, 1832-1929

by David A. Chang
The Color of the Land: Race, Nation, and the Politics of Landownership in Oklahoma, 1832-1929

The Color of the Land: Race, Nation, and the Politics of Landownership in Oklahoma, 1832-1929

by David A. Chang

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Overview

The Color of the Land brings the histories of Creek Indians, African Americans, and whites in Oklahoma together into one story that explores the way races and nations were made and remade in conflicts over who would own land, who would farm it, and who would rule it. This story disrupts expected narratives of the American past, revealing how identities-race, nation, and class-took new forms in struggles over the creation of different systems of property.

Conflicts were unleashed by a series of sweeping changes: the forced "removal" of the Creeks from their homeland to Oklahoma in the 1830s, the transformation of the Creeks' enslaved black population into landed black Creek citizens after the Civil War, the imposition of statehood and private landownership at the turn of the twentieth century, and the entrenchment of a sharecropping economy and white supremacy in the following decades. In struggles over land, wealth, and power, Oklahomans actively defined and redefined what it meant to be Native American, African American, or white. By telling this story, David Chang contributes to the history of racial construction and nationalism as well as to southern, western, and Native American history.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780807895764
Publisher: The University of North Carolina Press
Publication date: 02/01/2010
Sold by: Barnes & Noble
Format: eBook
Pages: 308
File size: 3 MB

About the Author

David A. Chang is assistant professor of history at the University of Minnesota.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction: Oklahoma as America 1

Part I Before Allotment: Land and the Making of Creek Nationhoods 15

1 Owning and Being Owned: Property, Slavery, and Creek Nationhood to 1865 17

2 An Equal Interest in the Soil: Small-Scale Farming and the Work of Nationhood, 1866-1889 39

Part II Allotment: Dividing Lands, Nations, and Races 71

3 Raw Country and Jeffersonian Dreams: The Racial Politics of Allotment 73

Part III Living Under Allotment: Race and Property 107

4 Policy and the Making of Landlords and Tenants: Allotment, Landlessness, and Creek Politics, 1906-1920s 109

5 We Were Negroes Then: Political Programs, Landownership, and Black Racial Coalescence, 1904-1916 149

6 The Battle for Whiteness: Making Whites in a White Man's Country, 1936-1924 175

Epilogue: Newtown: Unsettling Oklahoma, Unsettling America 205

Notes 213

Bibliography 257

Index 277

What People are Saying About This

From the Publisher

“There are few scholars capable of addressing all the potential axes of investigation as fully and thoroughly as Chang does. To weave Indians, African Americans, and Euro-Americans together into one story that also encompasses race, class, nation, and land is to account for the variables historians have been discussing in a piecemeal fashion for a generation or more. At once explicitly comparative and exquisitely sensitive to the connections between the units under comparison, this is the kind of work that we need more of.” — Joshua A. Piker, University of Oklahoma

“Chang explores how Indians and white Americans used race and nation to control access to land and dispossess those defined as 'other.' His ambitious and groundbreaking book is deeply researched, broadly engaged with important debates, and thoroughly convincing.” — Claudio Saunt, author of Black, White, and Indian: Race and the Unmaking of an American Family

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