Table of Contents
1 Defining the Problem 1
What Is Diabetes? 2
Type 1 Diabetes 2
Beta Cells and Diagnosis 3
Ketoacidosis 3
Treatment and Risk 3
Gestational Diabetes 4
Diagnosis 4
Treatment 5
Type 2 Diabetes 6
Insulin Resistance 6
Diagnosis 6
Treatment and Risk 7
Prediabetes 7
Diagnosis 7
Treatment and Risk 8
Symptoms 9
Metabolic Syndrome 9
Complications and Risks of Diabetes and Prediabetes 10
Complications 10
Risk Factors 12
Number-One Risk Factor: Obesity 13
2 Pillars of Managing Diabetes 15
A Multifaceted Approach 16
Exercise 16
Medications 17
Diet 17
A Healthy Lifestyle 18
Working with Your Health-Care Team 18
Endocrinologist 18
Certified Diabetes Educator 19
Visiting with the Diabetes Educator 20
Classes 21
Diabetes Educator Meetings 21
Other Health-Care Professionals 22
Eye Doctor 22
Podiatrist 22
Dentist 23
Preparing for Your Appointment 23
Electronic Learning 24
3 Medications and Monitoring 25
Monitoring Blood Glucose 26
Testing Times 27
Blood Sugar Goals 27
Hemoglobin A1C 27
Medication Intervention 28
Oral Medications 29
Noninsulin Injections 31
Insulin 32
Matching Blood Glucose Peaks 34
Insulin Peaks 34
Weight Gain and Insulin 34
Hypoglycemia 35
Treatment 36
Continuous Glucose Monitoring 37
Medication Interactions 38
Planning Your Care 39
4 Eating to Control Blood Sugar 41
Three Basic Nutrients in Food 42
Protein 42
Fat 42
Carbohydrates 42
It's All About Carbohydrates 43
How Fast? 43
How Much? 44
Planning Methods 45
Carbohydrate Counting 45
American Diabetic Exchange System 47
Major Food Exchange Groups 47
Carbohydrate Exchange 48
Determining Carbohydrates, Fat, and Protein Exchanges and Calories 50
Plate Methods 52
Diabetic Plate Method 52
MyPlate Method 53
GI Diabetic Piatt Method 54
Determining the Best Method for You 55
5 Using the Glycemic Index 57
Defining and Ranking the GI 58
Is Using the GI Effective? 58
GI Ranking 59
GI Variations 59
Cooking 60
Shape and Density 60
Molecular Structure of Starch 61
Changing Amylopectin into Amylose 61
Processing 62
Other Effects 62
GT with the Use of Medication and Insulin 63
Glycemic Load (GL) 64
Glycemic Index Food Pyramid 65
Five Levels of the Pyramid 66
Recommendations for Diabetic Glycemic Index Pyramid 67
6 Weight Management and Diabetes 69
A Healthy Body Weight 70
Modifying Calories to Meet Energy Needs 71
How Many Calories Do Yon Need for Weight Loss? 72
Putting the Numbers into Practice 72
Staying Focused 73
Planning Your Meals 74
Protein 74
Fat 75
Carbohydrates 77
Fiber 78
Drink to Your Health 80
Planning and Monitoring Your Diet 81
Writing a Meat Plan 82
Reading Food Labels 82
Managing Insulin Needs as You Diet 84
7 Strategies for Healthy Eating 85
Visualization and Positive Thinking 86
Create a Living Space for Success 86
Controlling Your Work Environment 87
Controlling Your Home Environment 87
Food Management and Behavior Modification 89
Replace Bad Habits with Good Ones 89
Keeping Hunger in Check 90
Food Preparation 90
Portion Control 91
Smart Shopping 91
More Strategies for Success 92
Stay Active 92
Weigh Yourself Every Day 93
Join a Weight Management Program 93
Get Help from a Pro 93
Be in the Company of Healthy People 94
Dining Out 94
Breakfast 95
Dinner and Lunch 95
Understanding Menu Terminology 96
Social Eating 97
Don't Arrive Hungry 97
Visualize Healthy Eating 97
Make Some of the Food 97
Be a Natural 98
8 Exercise and Diabetes 99
Considerations for Exercising with Diabetes 100
Using Insulin 100
Eating Prior to Exercise 101
Adjusting Insulin Before Exercise 102
Monitoring High Blood Sugar with Strenuous Exercise 102
Reducing the Risk of Low Blood Sugar 103
Exercising Safely 104
The Importance of Hydration 104
How Much Exercise? 105
What Type of Exercise? 106
Strength Building 106
Aerobic Exercise 106
Stretching Exercises 107
Getting Into the Exercise Habit 107
9 Supplements for Diabetes 109
Should You Take a Supplement? 110
Not All Supplements An Equal 110
Why Use a Supplement? 111
Vitamins and Minerals to Help Lower Blood Sugar 112
The B Vitamins 112
Magnesium 113
Chromium 114
Alpha Lipoic Acid 115
Fiber Supplements 115
Spices 116
Fenugreek 117
Cinnamon 117
And-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Supplements 118
Omega-3 Fatty Acids 118
CoQ10 119
Vitamin C 119
Vitamin E 120
Overeating and AGEs 120
10 Special Beverages, Condiments, and Foods 123
What About Alcohol? 124
Alcohol with Insulin 125
Don't Drink Alcohol When 125
Haw Many Carbohydrates? 125
Sugar Substitutes 126
Noncaloric Sweetener Guidelines 126
Sugar Alcohols 127
Diet Soda 127
Coffee 128
How Much Salt? 129
More Potassium and Magnesium, Less Sodium 130
Diabetic Specialty Products 130
Nutritionals 132
Low-Carbohydrate Breads and Pasta 132
Low-Carbohydrate Desserts and Candy 132
Resources 133
Index 135
