The Employment of Negro Troops
Recognizing that the story of Negro participation in military service during World War II was of national interest as well as of great value for future military planning, the Assistant Secretary of War in February 1944 recommended preparation of a book on this subject. The opportunity to undertake it came two years later with the assignment to the Army's Historical Division of the author, then a captain and a man highly qualified by training and experience to write such a work. After careful examination of the sources and reflection Captain Lee concluded that it would be impracticable to write a comprehensive and balanced history about Negro soldiers in a single volume. His plan, formally approved in August 1946, was to focus his own work on the development of Army policies in the use of Negroes in military service and on the problems associated with the execution of these policies at home and abroad, leaving to the authors of other volumes in the Army's World War II series, then taking shape, the responsibility for covering activities of Negroes in particular topical areas. This definition of the author's objective is needed in order to understand why he has described his work "in no sense a history of Negro troops in World War II." Writing some years ago, he explained: "The purpose of the present volume is to bring together the significant experience of the Army in dealing with an important national question: the full use of the human resources represented by that 10 percent of national population that is Negro. It does not attempt to follow, in narrative form, the participation of Negro troops in the many branches, commands, and units of the Army. . . . A fully descriptive title for the present volume, in the nineteenth century manner, would read: 'The U.S. Army and Its Use of Negro Troops in World War II: Problems in the Development and Application of Policy with Some Attention to the Results, Public and Military.'" Thus, in accordance with his objective, the author gives considerably more attention to the employment of Negroes as combat soldiers than to their use as service troops overseas. Even though a large majority of the Negroes sent overseas saw duty in service rather than in combat units, their employment in service forces did not present the same number or degree of problems.
1006867523
The Employment of Negro Troops
Recognizing that the story of Negro participation in military service during World War II was of national interest as well as of great value for future military planning, the Assistant Secretary of War in February 1944 recommended preparation of a book on this subject. The opportunity to undertake it came two years later with the assignment to the Army's Historical Division of the author, then a captain and a man highly qualified by training and experience to write such a work. After careful examination of the sources and reflection Captain Lee concluded that it would be impracticable to write a comprehensive and balanced history about Negro soldiers in a single volume. His plan, formally approved in August 1946, was to focus his own work on the development of Army policies in the use of Negroes in military service and on the problems associated with the execution of these policies at home and abroad, leaving to the authors of other volumes in the Army's World War II series, then taking shape, the responsibility for covering activities of Negroes in particular topical areas. This definition of the author's objective is needed in order to understand why he has described his work "in no sense a history of Negro troops in World War II." Writing some years ago, he explained: "The purpose of the present volume is to bring together the significant experience of the Army in dealing with an important national question: the full use of the human resources represented by that 10 percent of national population that is Negro. It does not attempt to follow, in narrative form, the participation of Negro troops in the many branches, commands, and units of the Army. . . . A fully descriptive title for the present volume, in the nineteenth century manner, would read: 'The U.S. Army and Its Use of Negro Troops in World War II: Problems in the Development and Application of Policy with Some Attention to the Results, Public and Military.'" Thus, in accordance with his objective, the author gives considerably more attention to the employment of Negroes as combat soldiers than to their use as service troops overseas. Even though a large majority of the Negroes sent overseas saw duty in service rather than in combat units, their employment in service forces did not present the same number or degree of problems.
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The Employment of Negro Troops

The Employment of Negro Troops

by Ulysses Lee
The Employment of Negro Troops

The Employment of Negro Troops

by Ulysses Lee
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Overview

Recognizing that the story of Negro participation in military service during World War II was of national interest as well as of great value for future military planning, the Assistant Secretary of War in February 1944 recommended preparation of a book on this subject. The opportunity to undertake it came two years later with the assignment to the Army's Historical Division of the author, then a captain and a man highly qualified by training and experience to write such a work. After careful examination of the sources and reflection Captain Lee concluded that it would be impracticable to write a comprehensive and balanced history about Negro soldiers in a single volume. His plan, formally approved in August 1946, was to focus his own work on the development of Army policies in the use of Negroes in military service and on the problems associated with the execution of these policies at home and abroad, leaving to the authors of other volumes in the Army's World War II series, then taking shape, the responsibility for covering activities of Negroes in particular topical areas. This definition of the author's objective is needed in order to understand why he has described his work "in no sense a history of Negro troops in World War II." Writing some years ago, he explained: "The purpose of the present volume is to bring together the significant experience of the Army in dealing with an important national question: the full use of the human resources represented by that 10 percent of national population that is Negro. It does not attempt to follow, in narrative form, the participation of Negro troops in the many branches, commands, and units of the Army. . . . A fully descriptive title for the present volume, in the nineteenth century manner, would read: 'The U.S. Army and Its Use of Negro Troops in World War II: Problems in the Development and Application of Policy with Some Attention to the Results, Public and Military.'" Thus, in accordance with his objective, the author gives considerably more attention to the employment of Negroes as combat soldiers than to their use as service troops overseas. Even though a large majority of the Negroes sent overseas saw duty in service rather than in combat units, their employment in service forces did not present the same number or degree of problems.

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781516859290
Publisher: CreateSpace Publishing
Publication date: 08/12/2015
Series: United States Army in World War II: Special Studies
Pages: 762
Product dimensions: 7.00(w) x 10.00(h) x 1.52(d)

About the Author

Ulysses Lee, now Professor of English at Morgan State College, Baltimore, was a member of the Office of the Chief of Military History from 1946 to 1952, concluding a decade of active Army officer service in ranks from first lieutenant to major. In World War II he served as an Education Officer and Editorial Analyst in the field and in the headquarters of Army specialist on Negroes in the Army and prepared this volume. between 1936 and his entry into military service in 1942. He received his doctorate in the history of culture from the University of Chicago in 1953, and from then until going to Morgan in 1956 he taught at Lincoln writings by American Negroes published in 1941, he was author-editor of published in 1944, and has been the author of many reviews and articles Service Forces; for seven years thereafter he was the military history A graduate of Howard University, Dr. Lee taught at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, and attended the University of Chicago as a Rosenwald Fellow University, Missouri. Co-editor of The Negro Caravan, an anthology of the Army Service Forces manual, Leadership and the Negro Soldier, published before and since. Dr. Lee has also been associate editor of The Midwest Journal of the College Language Association and a member of the editorial board of The Journal of Negro History.

Table of Contents


Contents
 
I. AFTER WORLD WAR I
The Military Orientation of the Negro Public
Praise in the Press
Under t h e Surface
An Army Postwar View
 
II. PEACETIME PRACTICES AND PLANS
"There Is Not Enough Army to Go Around"
The Civilian Components
The Planning Problem
The 1922 Plan
Modifications and Developments, 1923-33
The 1937 Plan
The New Mobilization Regulations
Percentages and Types
The Revisions of 1940
On the Threshold of Mobilization
 
III. THE NEGRO POSITION DEFINED
Beginning Campaigns
The Air Corps and Public Law 18
Subversives and Patriots
New Bills and Units
The Selective Training and Service Act
Announcements and Appointments
The Lines Form
 
IV. EXPANDING NEGRO STRENGTH
Initial Expansion
Housing
Camp Locations
Cadres for Units
 
V. UNITS: THE QUOTA PHASE
The Distribution Problem
Ground Units for the Air Forces
 
V. UNITS: THE QUOTA PHASE-Continued
Flying Units
Nondivisional Ground Combat Units
The Traditional Arms: Divisions
Service Units
Miscellaneous Units and Minor Problems
 
VI. PROPOSALS AND COUNTERPROPOSALS
The Editors' Conference and Its Aftermath
Action on the Hastie Proposals
A War Plans Approach
The Chamberlain Plan
The Advisory Committee
Air Forces Proposals and Hastie's Resignation
Gibson and the Aide's Office
 
VII. OFFICERS FOR NEGRO TROOPS
Initial Procurement Policies
White Officers and Their Leadership Dilemma
White Officers: The Search for Standards
Plans for Mobilizing Negro Officers
The Policy in Operation
Command Problems in the Negro Regiments
Officer Candidates
 
VIII. THE QUEST FOR LEADERSHIP CONTINUES
Plans After Pearl Harbor
The Negro Officer Troop Basis
The Negro Officer Candidate Supply
Assignment Difficulties
Low Proficiency and Other Limitations
Mechanics of Assignment
Negro Officers' Leadership Dilemma
Mixed Staffs and Their Problems
Men of the Spirit
"Weeding Out": Rotation and Reclassification
Unending Quest


IX. UNITS: MEN AND TRAINING
Standards and Inductions
Classification Tests
Scores and Units
Screening Proposals
Special Training Plans
The Plan in Operation
The Hastie Survey
 
IX. UNITS: MEN AND TRAINING-Continued
Service Command Special Training Units
Instructional Problems
Barriers to Advanced Training
 
X. PHYSICAL FITNESS
Health and Inductions
The Venereal Disease Problem
The Antivenereal Disease Campaign
The Fry Problem
The Tuskegee Program
General Fitness for Full Duty
XI . MORALE
Recreational Facilities
Camp Towns
The All-Negro Posts
Transportation
The Impact of Intangibles
Symbols and Apprehensions
Esprit
Mission and Morale
 
XII. HARVEST OF DISORDER
The March of Violence
First Correctives
Reactions and Resolutions
Public Approaches
Renewal and Reassessment
Individual Violence
Civilian Disorders
 
XIII. TOWARD AN OBJECTIVE
Advice to Commanders
The Bureau of Public Relations and the Press
Films
Instruction in Leadership
New Instructions on Facilities
Developments i n A SF
 
XIV. MANPOWER AND READJUSTMENTS
Military Manpower for 1943-45
Selective Service Shortages and Quotas
General Trends, 1943
Flexible Organization and Negro Units
Shifting Manpower Allocations
Women and Manpower
 
XIV. MANPOWER AND READJUSTMENTS—Continued
Conversions and Inactivations
The End of Proportional Representation
 
XV. OVERSEAS DEPLOYMENT AND THE NATURE OF UNITS
Establishing a Policy
Developing Practices
Staff Approaches and Surveys
Problems Overseas
Deployment and the Future of Units
Unit Shortages and Shipment Policies
Public Concern
 
XVI. INTRODUCTION TO COMBAT: AIR PHASE
AND AFTERMATH
The Fighter Program
Chill Upon the Future
The 99th: Catalyst
A Closer View
Expansion in the Air Program
The 99th Shakes Off a Chill
 
XVII. CONVERSIONS AND COMMITMENTS
State of the Units
Infantry Deployment
Reactions to Conversions
The McCloy Committee Faces the Issue
Readiness for Overseas Movement
 
XVIII. GROUND, AIR, AND THE ASSET SIDE
The 24th Infantry
The 93d Division
The 24th Infantry on Bougainville
The 25th Regimental Combat Team
After Bougainville
The Fighter Units
The "Asset Side"
The Asset Side?
 
XIX. MOUNTAIN AND PLAIN
The 370th Regimental Combat Team: The First Six Weeks
Shift to the Sea
Bowed Before Massa
The Full Division Arrives
A Fourth Hand
First Reports
Serchio Valley Counterattack
 
XIX. MOUNTAIN AND PLAIN—Continued
Winter Defense
February Attack
Reorganized Again
The Gibson Visit
SECOND WIND
New Winds Blowing
 
XX. SERVICE UNITS AROUND THE WORLD
The First Units Out
Road BuildersLiberia Force
Rear Area Employment
Service Units in the Combat Zone
 
XXI. ARTILLERY AND ARMORED UNITS IN THE ETO
Artillery
Tanks and Tank Destroyers
 
XXII. VOLUNTEER INFANTRY REPLACEMENTS
 
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
 
GLOSSARY
 
BASIC MILITARY MAP SYMBOLS
 
INDEX
 
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