The Strange Order of Things: Life, Feeling, and the Making of Cultures

by Antonio Damasio

Overview

“Damasio undertakes nothing less than a reconstruction of the natural history of the universe. . . . [A] brave and honest book.”
—The New York Times Book Review

 
The Strange Order of Things is a pathbreaking investigation into homeostasis, the condition that regulates human physiology within the range that makes possible not only survival but also the flourishing of life. Antonio Damasio makes clear that we descend biologically, psychologically, and even socially from a long lineage that begins with single living cells; that our minds and cultures are linked by an invisible thread to the ways and means of ancient unicellular existence and other primitive life-forms; and that inherent in our very chemistry is a powerful force, a striving toward life maintenance that governs life in all its guises, including the development of genes that help regulate and transmit life. The Strange Order of Things is a landmark reflection that spans the biological and social sciences, offering a new way of understanding the origins of life, feeling, and culture.


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Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780345807144
Publisher:	Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
Publication date:	02/19/2019
Pages:	336
Product dimensions:	5.20(w) x 7.94(h) x 0.68(d)

About the Author

ANTONIO DAMASIO is University Professor; David Dornsife Professor of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Philosophy; and director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California. Awards he has received include the Prince of Asturias Prize in Science and Technology, the Grawemeyer Award, the Honda Prize, and the Pessoa and Signoret prizes. In 2017 he received the Freud Medal from the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences. Damasio is a member of the National Academy of Medicine and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. He is the author of Descartes’ Error, The Feeling of What Happens, Looking for Spinoza and Self Comes to Mind, all of which have been published in translation and are taught in universities throughout the world.

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BEGINNINGS 
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Table of Contents

Beginnings 3

Part I About Life and Its Regulation (Homeostasis)

1 On the Human Condition 11

A Simple Idea

Feeling Versus Intellect

How Original Was the Human Cultural Mind?

Humble Beginnings

From the Life of Social Insects

Homeostasis

Foreshadowing Minds and Feelings Is Not the Same as Generating Minds and Feelings

Early Organisms and Human Cultures

2 In a Region of Unlikeness 33

Life

Life on the Move

3 Varieties of Homeostasis 44

The Distinct Varieties of Homeostasis

Homeostasis Now

The Roots of an Idea

4 From Single Cells to Nervous Systems and Minds 53

Ever Since Bacterial Life

Nervous Systems

The Living Body and the Mind

Part II Assembling The Cultural Mind

5 The Origin of Minds 71

The Momentous Transition

Minded Life

The Big Conquest

Images Require Nervous Systems

Images of the World Outside Our Organism

Images of the World Internal to Our Organism

6 Expanding Minds 84

The Hidden Orchestra

Image Making

Meanings, Verbal Translations, and the Making of Memories

Enriching Minds

A Note on Memory

7 Affect 99

What Feelings Are

Valence

Kinds of Feelings

The Emotive Response Process

Where Do Emotive Responses Come From?

Emotional Stereotypes

The Inherent Sociality of Drives, Motivations, and Conventional Emotions

Layered Feelings

8 The Construction of Feelings 117

Where Do Feelings Come From?

Assembling Feelings

The Continuity of Bodies and Nervous Systems

The Role of the Peripheral Nervous System

Other Peculiarities of the Body-Brain Relationship

The Neglected Role of the Gut

Where Are Feeling Experiences Located?

Feelings Explained?

An Aside on Remembrances of Feelings Past

9 Consciousness 143

About Consciousness

Observing Consciousness

Subjectivity: The First and Indispensable Component of Consciousness

The Second Component of Consciousness: Integrating Experiences

From Sensing to Consciousness

An Aside on the Hard Problem of Consciousness

Part III The Cultural Mind At Work

10 On Cultures 165

The Human Cultural Mind in Action

Homeostasis and the Biological Roots of Cultures

Distinctive Human Cultures

Feelings as Arbiters and Negotiators

Assessing the Merits of an Idea

From Religious Beliefs and Morality to Political Governance

The Arts, Philosophical Inquiry, and the Sciences

Contradicting an Idea

Taking Stock

A Hard Day's Night

11 Medicine, Immortality, and Algorithms 194

Modern Medicine

Immortality

The Algorithmic Account of Humanity

Robots Serving Humans

Back to Mortality

12 On the Human Condition Now 211

An Ambiguous State of Affairs

Is There a Biology Behind the Cultural Crisis?

An Unresohed Clash

13 The Strange Order of Things 234

Acknowledgments 245

Notes and References 249

Index 295

Editorial Reviews

"These pages make enthralling reading....It is indispensable for any psychoanalyst—and not only for psychoanalysts, of course. Damasio is the closest thing we have in the post-truth era to a great public intellectual."—Mark Solms, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association

“Nietzsche would have given four cheers for this intricately argued book, which is at once scientifically rigorous and humanely accommodating, and, so far as this reviewer can judge, revolutionary….From Plato onwards, western philosophy has favoured mind over “mere” body, so that by the time we get to Descartes, the human has become hardly more than a brain stuck atop a stick, like a child’s hobbyhorse. This is the conception of humanness that Damasio wishes to dismantle. For him, as for Nietzsche, what the body feels is every bit as significant as what the mind thinks, and further, both functions are inextricably intertwined....There are echoes here too of William James, that most endearing of philosophers, as when Damasio pauses for a brief, Jamesian consideration of the anomalous fact that for all the hi-tech sophistication of modern life, we still cling to the primitive pleasure and reassurance of the domestic fireplace. And James would have been delighted by Damasio’s “everydayness”, his readiness to acknowledge the fundamental underpinnings of even our highest endeavours....But Damasio, while ever ready to salute his predecessors and peers, is wholly his own man, and The Strange Order of Things is a fresh and daring effort to identify the true spring and source of human being – of the being, in fact, of all living things – namely feeling.”—John Banville, The Guardian

“A radical revision of how we understand mind, feeling, consciousness, and the construction of cultures…. Damasio draws a visionary link between biology and social science in a fascinating investigation of homeostasis—the delicate balance that underpins our physical existence, ensures our survival, and defines our flourishing. At the heart of his inquiry is his lifelong interest in the nature of human affect—why we feel what we feel, how we use emotions to construct selfhood, what makes our intentions and our feelings so frequently contradictory, how the body and the mind conspire in the inception of emotional reality. What emerges is not an arsenal of certitudes and answers but a celebration of curiosity and a reminder that intelligent, informed speculation is how we expand the territory of knowledge by moving the boundary of the knowable further into the unknown.” —Maria Popova, Brain Pickings

“Almost a quarter century after Descartes’ Error, Antonio Damasio has done it again—created a grand exploration of the inextricable relationship between mind, body, and the source of human feelings. Along the way, Damasio takes the reader on an adventure that starts with the single-celled organisms that existed billions of years ago, proceeds through the development of nervous systems and brains, and culminates with the origin of consciousness and human cultures. Thought-provoking and highly original, this book can change the way you look at yourself, and your species.” —Leonard Mlodinow, author of Subliminal

“The Strange Order of Things is a foundational book. It provides the concepts, the language, and the knowledge to explain in an integrated framework the interplay between Nature and Culture at the heart of the human condition. Damasio unveils the codes and protocols that make humans human. After a long period of fragmentation of science, he ushers in a paradigm that reunites scientific knowledge, beyond the diversity of its fields of inquiry, around the study of the networks of the mind in communication with the networks of its biological and social existence. This is the beginning of a new scientific revolution.” —Manuel Castells, Emeritus Professor of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley

“In The Strange Order of Things, Antonio Damasio presents a new vision of what it means to be human. For too long we have thought of ourselves as rational minds inhabiting insentient mechanical bodies. Breaking with this philosophy, Damasio shows how our minds are rooted in feeling, a creation of our nervous system with an evolutionary history going back to ancient unicellular life that enables us to shape distinctively human cultures. Working out what this implies for the arts, the sciences and the human  future, Damasio has given us that rarest of things, a book that can transform how we think—and feel—about ourselves.” —John Gray, author of Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and Other Animals

“Following Oliver Sacks, Antonio Damasio may be the neuroscientist whose popular books have done the most to inform readers about the biological machinery in our heads, how it generates thoughts and emotions, creates a self to cling to, and a sense of transcendence to escape by…[the book] mounts his boldest argument yet for the egalitarian role of the brain.” –Kevin Berger, Nautilus

“Bold and important….Damasio, by unseating the mind from its elevated throne within the brain, delivers an onslaught on one of the core dogmas of conventional neuroscience. In his view, mind is distributed — for instance, to distant anatomical regions such as the peripheral neural networks that control organ function. Thus, different tissues in the body contribute incrementally to the mind’s function. Damasio’s vision offers a new and specific incarnation of the thesis of unified body and mind….Compelling and refreshingly original.” —Nature

“Damasio goes further than convention, calling homeostasis ‘the powerful, unsought, unspoken imperative’ that ensures an organism will both endure and prevail. More subtly, it ensures that life will be regulated within a span that is not merely compatible with survival, but also ‘conducive to flourishing, to a projection of life into the future of an organism or a species’….Breathtaking, thought-provoking, and simply fun. Agree with the author or not, the book is an enjoyable read. It will challenge many of the reader’s assumptions as well as the status quo.” —New York Journal of Books

“Damasio analyzes the continuities and the differences between natural life and human cultures, considered in their artistic, political, ethical and medical dimensions. In this effort the borders of the human do not disappear but are instead shifted, made movable. As a result, his exploration of life”s surprises becomes a stimulating and exhilarating exercise in redefining humanity itself....Damasio’s books are marvels of scientific effervescence, of conceptual invention, and, in the end, of modesty, of that sense of the limits of knowledge that only knowledge is capable of imposing....In Damasio’s thinking, to live consists of projecting yourself into life, shunning vulnerability and death, powered by a foundational force that he names homeostasis, a concept that The Strange Order of Things perfects and amplifies.” —Le Monde

“The originality of the unity proposed by Damasio is that it is rooted on the mechanisms of life itself and in particular on the conditions of its regulation, an ensemble of phenomena generally designated by a single word: homeostasis. This daring approach allows us to tease apart the links between cultures and nature and to deepen as never before the question of how the cultural process can be humanized....The Strange Order of Things bridges two contradictory readings of the elaboration of culture and human behaviors: autonomous cultural phenomena versus the consequences of natural selection conveyed by genes. For Damasio there is no need to choose between them. Damasio also refuses to reduce cultural phenomena to their biological origin, or to explain the ensemble of cultural phenomena in pure scientific terms....Intriguingly, this novel Copernican revolution in no way reduces the specificity of the human, on the contrary....Here is a new, strange and unassailable definition of life.” —Slate (France)

“For this world renowned scientist brain and body are indissociable and produce the mind jointly....Ever since his first book, Damasio has not wavered in his efforts to rehabilitate emotions and feelings within cognitive processes. In The Strange Order of Things he nails down the effort and goes well beyond....Feelings are agents of homeostasis, the powerful principle behind the regulation of life. The human saga, in the strict sense, owes a lot to a highly developed cerebral cortex, but the essentials of that saga had been germinating long before.” —Les Echos

“[Damasio] exerts a considerable influence on the fashioning of contemporary thought and on all debates concerning neurology. Damasio is one of the great thinkers of our time. A pioneer in his field.” —L'Express

“[Damasio] has introduced something baroque in a science that has been centered in one single organ, the brain. The Strange Order of Things vibrates with a baroque sensibility. The word baroque has a Portuguese origin and signifies 'irregular pearl'. Human intelligence and its products are irregular pearls and not perfect algorithms....The Strange Order of Things is a biological interpretation of human phenomena, complex human societies included. The book expands on a proposal Damasio made following his first discoveries in the eighties: the brain is only a part of a whole and that whole is the body. Together body and brain engender feelings....Feelings are sentinels for life’s fragility, for the body’s mortality. This is how Damasio installs homeostasis at the origin of all human endeavors. We can not attain any goal without the desire to attain it, in short, without desire itself.” —Le Figaro

“This disturbing book shakes our conceptions of the mechanisms behind life, mind and culture. The author brings them together in a single perspective centered on homeostasis … It is incredibly, formidably, refreshing....This is a memorable book. A strange and ambitious book, which draws on multiple disciplines and moves across time and space to give us, very simply, a new definition of life.” —Revue Medicale Suisse

"Damasio takes his reader on an intellectual journey he has made himself, one of discovery, surprise, and insight. He explains his points thoroughly but does not simplify what is complicated. He is handy with a metaphor and avoids unnecessary jargon. In a world in which specialization has become so refined that the discourse of a given discipline often becomes wholly unintelligible to those outside it, Antonio Damasio conveys his thoughts with clarity and grace and summons the works of composers and writers and philosophers. When I reached the end of The Strange Order of Things, I recalled the closing words of William James’s Psychology: The Briefer Course when he tells readers that “the darkness” is “great” and urges them not to “forget that the natural-science assumptions with which we started are provisional and revisable things.”—Siri Hustvedt, Los Angeles Review of Books

"In what must by any standard be rated a ground-breaking shift in the way we understand ourselves, Damasio has shown that our lives, our cultures and our very selves are outgrowths of feeling, the origins of which are in humble micro-organisms that lived billions of years ago." —John Gray, Literary Review

From the Publisher

12/04/2017
Damasio (Self Comes to Mind), director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California, continues his quest for a theory of human consciousness, here linking feelings and culture with homeostasis and evolution. His ideas are exciting, yet his explanations tend to be abstract, as when he writes that “the constructions that inhabit our minds can well be imagined as ephemeral musical performances, played by several hidden orchestras.” Attempting to explain “the biological underpinnings of the human cultural mind,” Damasio begins with the Cambrian unicellular organism and shows how the mapping of internal and external images led to the development of nervous systems, which in turn laid the groundwork for verbal language, consciousness, subjectivity, and feeling. Damasio posits that feelings in humans “arose from a series of gradual, body-related processes... accumulated and maintained over evolution.” He then explores the biological roots of culture, particularly the role homeostasis played in generating behavioral strategies. Damasio extends his thinking on homeostasis to the shaping of moral codes and the emergence of religious and political systems, and even to the internet and what he dubs “the current crisis of the human condition.” Wide in scope, though occasionally difficult to follow, Damasio’s book contains moments of genius but feels like a work in progress. (Feb.)

Publishers Weekly

2017-11-13
A leading neuroscientist returns with a complex exploration of the life of the mind.Feelings play an unappreciated role in culture and consciousness but turn out to be a universal aspect of life, writes Damasio (Neuroscience, Psychology and Philosophy/Univ. of Southern California; Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain, 2010), who directs the Brain and Creativity Institute. Neuroscience has become a popular genre, so there is a substantial audience for this expert, definitely not dumbed-down examination of the interplay between feelings and the human condition. The author emphasizes that culture is almost entirely a human phenomenon and consciousness entirely so, but these represent only the most advanced neurophysiologic manifestations of feeling that—as emotion—are present in many higher animals. These require a brain, but a nervous system (first evolved 500 million years ago) allows simpler animals to monitor their environments and react appropriately. Absence of feeling is incompatible with life, so even primitive bacteria sense their surroundings, cooperate, and defend themselves in sophisticated ways. Damasio emphasizes that all life aims to stabilize its internal environment (chemical concentration, pH levels, oxygen content, temperature, etc.) in the face of external changes. This is homeostasis, a theme the author returns to repeatedly as the engine of evolution. For nearly 4 billion years species have competed, struggled, and died out as evolution has produced other, often more complex species, including humans. Feelings contribute to homeostasis, but homeostasis applies only to individuals. In a long final section, Damasio wonders how its scientific application might diminish conflicts among movements, cultures, and nations in our increasingly dangerous world. His mildly optimistic conclusion is that there are reasons to hope.A dense, detailed mixture of hard science, philosophy, and speculation that will reward readers willing to work through the author's demanding book.

Kirkus Reviews