| 1. | The Uses of This Handbook | 15 |
| The Nature of Translation | 15 |
| For Whom Is This Handbook Intended? | 17 |
| 2. | Historical Overview of Translation | 19 |
| 3. | Requisites for Professional Translators | 33 |
| The Well-Rounded Translator | 37 |
| Good and Bad Translation Habits | 39 |
| 4. | Translator's Self-Evaluation | 43 |
| 5. | Translation Problems | 51 |
| Generic Language Problems | 51 |
| Spanish | 53 |
| German | 56 |
| French | 57 |
| Russian | 59 |
| Japanese | 60 |
| Chinese | 62 |
| Italian | 64 |
| Portuguese | 64 |
| Arabic | 65 |
| Hebrew | 67 |
| 6. | Translation Techniques | 69 |
| 7. | Translation and Computers | 81 |
| Computers and Related Equipment | 81 |
| Machine Translation Vs. Human Translation | 88 |
| Translation Memory | 91 |
| Localization | 92 |
| The Uses of the Internet for Translators | 94 |
| 8. | Dictionaries, Reference Literature, and Terminology Management | 99 |
| 9. | Key Translation Areas | 107 |
| Advertising | 108 |
| Aerospace | 109 |
| Automotive | 109 |
| Business/Finance | 110 |
| Chemistry | 111 |
| Civil Engineering | 112 |
| Computers | 112 |
| Electrical/Electronic Engineering | 113 |
| Environment | 113 |
| Law | 114 |
| Medicine | 115 |
| Military Subjects | 116 |
| Nautical Subjects | 117 |
| Patents | 117 |
| Social Sciences | 117 |
| Telecommunications | 118 |
| 10. | How to Operate Successfully as a Freelance Translator | 120 |
| Financial Issues | 120 |
| Translator/Client Relations | 127 |
| Legal Issues | 129 |
| 11. | Sources of Translation Work | 133 |
| Translation Companies | 134 |
| Law Firms | 139 |
| Industry | 139 |
| The U.S. Government | 140 |
| State and Local Government | 144 |
| Major Organizations | 144 |
| Publishers | 144 |
| Software Localization | 145 |
| Networking | 145 |
| 12. | A Career as an In-House Translator | 147 |
| 13. | Training Programs | 151 |
| 14. | Oral Interpretation | 153 |
| 15. | Translators' Organizations | 161 |
| The American Translators Association (ATA) | 161 |
| Other Organizations | 163 |
| 16. | Translation: A Life-Long Career | 167 |
| Appendices | |
| Appendix 1 | Dictionaries | 171 |
| General English Language References | 172 |
| Afrikaans | 177 |
| Albanian | 177 |
| Amharic | 177 |
| Arabic | 177 |
| Azerbaijany | 182 |
| Basque | 182 |
| Bengali | 182 |
| Bosnian | 182 |
| Bulgarian | 182 |
| Byelorussian | 183 |
| Cambodian | 183 |
| Catalan | 183 |
| Chinese | 183 |
| Creole | 187 |
| Czech | 188 |
| Danish | 189 |
| Dutch | 190 |
| Esperanto | 191 |
| Estonian | 191 |
| Farsi (Persian) | 191 |
| Finnish | 191 |
| French | 192 |
| Georgian | 197 |
| German | 197 |
| Greek | 202 |
| Hebrew | 203 |
| Hindi | 205 |
| Hungarian | 205 |
| Icelandic | 206 |
| Indonesian | 206 |
| Italian | 207 |
| Japanese | 208 |
| Kazakh | 209 |
| Korean | 210 |
| Kurdish | 210 |
| Lao | 210 |
| Latin | 211 |
| Latvian | 211 |
| Lithuanian | 211 |
| Macedonian | 211 |
| Malay | 211 |
| Nepali | 211 |
| Norwegian | 212 |
| Pilipino/Tagalog | 214 |
| Polish | 214 |
| Portuguese | 216 |
| Romanian | 218 |
| Russian | 219 |
| Serbo-Croatian | 224 |
| Slovak | 225 |
| Slovene | 225 |
| Somali | 236 |
| Spanish | 226 |
| Swahili | 231 |
| Swedish | 231 |
| Tatar | 233 |
| Thai | 233 |
| Turkish | 233 |
| Ukrainian | 233 |
| Uzbek | 234 |
| Vietnamese | 234 |
| Yiddish | 234 |
| Yoruba | 235 |
| Appendix 2 | Where to Find Dictionaries | 237 |
| Appendix 3 | Foreign Language Software Sources | 240 |
| Appendix 4 | Sources of Translation Work | 244 |
| 4.1. | U.S. Translation Companies | 246 |
| 4.2 | Foreign Translation Companies | 314 |
| 4.3 | U.S. Translation Companies by Location | 323 |
| 4.4 | U.S. Government Agencies | 331 |
| 4.5 | Major Organizations | 335 |
| 4.6 | Major Companies | 336 |
| Appendix 5 | Translation Courses and Programs | 367 |
| Appendix 6 | Translator Organizations | 381 |
| ATA Chapters and Cooperating Groups | 381 |
| International Federation of Translators | 384 |
| Appendix 7 | Translator Accreditation | 392 |
| Appendix 8 | Professional Periodicals for Translators | 393 |
| Bibliography | 395 |
| Glossary for Translators | 397 |
| Index | 404 |
