War on the Ballot: How the Election Cycle Shapes Presidential Decision-Making in War

by Andrew Payne

Overview

Winner, 2024 Richard E. Neustadt Book Prize, American Politics Group, Political Studies Association

The president of the United States is at once holder of the highest elected office and commander in chief of the armed forces. How do upcoming elections influence presidents’ behavior during wartime? How do presidents balance perceptions of the national interest with personal political interests?

War on the Ballot examines how electoral politics shaped presidential decisions on military and diplomatic strategy during the wars in Korea, Vietnam, and Iraq. Drawing on a wealth of declassified documents and interviews with senior officials and military officers, Andrew Payne reveals the surprisingly large role played by political considerations during conflicts. He demonstrates how the exigencies of the electoral cycle drove leaders to miss opportunities to limit the human and financial costs of each war, gain strategic advantage, or sue for peace, sometimes making critical decisions with striking disregard for the consequences on the ground. Payne emphasizes the importance of electoral pressures throughout the full course of a conflict, not just around the initial decision to intervene. He shows how electoral constraints operate across different phases of the political calendar, going beyond the period immediately preceding a presidential election.

Offering a systematic analysis of the relationship between electoral politics and wartime decision-making, this book raises crucial questions about democratic accountability in foreign policy.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780231558044
Publisher:	Columbia University Press
Publication date:	07/18/2023
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	336
File size:	2 MB

About the Author

Andrew Payne is a departmental lecturer in international relations at the University of Oxford, where he was previously the Hedley Bull Research Fellow in International Relations and a William Golding Junior Research Fellow at Brasenose College. He serves on the board of Chatham House in London.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments
Introduction
1. Presidents, Politics, and War
2. Korea: Truman, Eisenhower, and America’s First Limited War
3. Vietnam: Lyndon Johnson and the “Americanization” of the War
4. Vietnam: Richard Nixon and the “Vietnamization” of the War
5. Iraq: George W. Bush and the Decision to Double Down
6. Iraq: Barack Obama and the Endgame
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Index

Editorial Reviews

War on the Ballot is a richly detailed account of how electoral constraints affect presidential decision-making in war. In this important study of domestic politics and war, Payne shows how the shadow of an upcoming election can shape presidents’ choices—often with results that do not serve the voters well.

Elizabeth N. Saunders

With its razor-sharp conceptual framework and meticulously researched cases—backed up by a treasure trove of sources—this book opens a new window on the many and often surprising effects of the U.S. electoral cycle on presidential decision-making in times of war.

Louise Fawcett

Andrew Payne has written an important book on the impact of the electoral cycle on American foreign policy. His well-conceived model for how domestic political considerations affect decision-making is grounded on finely crafted and well-researched case studies of the wars in Korea, Vietnam, and Iraq. An important contribution to a crucial dimension of American foreign-policy making.

William B. Quandt

Payne effectively demonstrates that domestic electoral politics does indeed affect presidential decisions, often decisively. He presents the argument in such a systematic and persuasive way that it will be very difficult to read his book and still see the recent American wars in the same light.

Thomas A. Schwartz

Andrew Payne has written a truly excellent book. From the Korean and Vietnam Wars to the recent conflict in Iraq, his copiously researched and cogently argued case studies persuasively underline the importance of elections in shaping crucial presidential decisions. This is a must-read for anyone interested in the politics of America’s wars.

Steven Casey

Andrew Payne’s War on the Ballot is replete with compelling evidence that attests to the influence of the electoral cycle on the military strategy of United States presidents.

International Affairs - Jonny Hall

Payne’s work is important because there are only a few great books that explain how politics impacts wartime policies.

The Interpreter

The writing in this book is lucid, and the analysis is as sharp as it is thought-provoking...[War on the Ballot] advances our understanding of how democracies wage wars, while making clear the prominent role that elections play in presidential decision- making. Readers interested in the vital intersections between policy and politics during war will greatly benefit from reading it.

Congress & the Presidency - William A. Taylor

Andrew Payne's War on the Ballot is replete with compelling evidence that attests to the influence of the electoral cycle on the military strategy of United States presidents.--Jonny Hall, London School of Economics and Political Science "International Affairs"

War on the Ballot is a richly detailed account of how electoral constraints affect presidential decision-making in war. In this important study of domestic politics and war, Payne shows how the shadow of an upcoming election can shape presidents' choices--often with results that do not serve the voters well.--Elizabeth N. Saunders, author of Leaders at War: How Presidents Shape Military Interventions

Andrew Payne has written a truly excellent book. From the Korean and Vietnam Wars to the recent conflict in Iraq, his copiously researched and cogently argued case studies persuasively underline the importance of elections in shaping crucial presidential decisions. This is a must-read for anyone interested in the politics of America's wars.--Steven Casey, author of The War Beat, Pacific: The American Media at War Against Japan

Andrew Payne has written an important book on the impact of the electoral cycle on American foreign policy. His well-conceived model for how domestic political considerations affect decision-making is grounded on finely crafted and well-researched case studies of the wars in Korea, Vietnam, and Iraq. An important contribution to a crucial dimension of American foreign-policy making.--William B. Quandt, author of Camp David: Peacemaking and Politics

Payne effectively demonstrates that domestic electoral politics does indeed affect presidential decisions, often decisively. He presents the argument in such a systematic and persuasive way that it will be very difficult to read his book and still see the recent American wars in the same light.--Thomas A. Schwartz, author of Henry Kissinger and American Power: A Political Biography

With its razor-sharp conceptual framework and meticulously researched cases--backed up by a treasure trove of sources--this book opens a new window on the many and often surprising effects of the U.S. electoral cycle on presidential decision-making in times of war.--Louise Fawcett, author of Iran and the Cold War

From the Publisher

Payne effectively demonstrates that domestic electoral politics does indeed affect presidential decisions, often decisively. Payne presents the argument in such a systematic and persuasive way that it will be very difficult to read his book and still see the recent American wars in the same light.

Thomas Alan Schwartz