Play It Again, Sam: Repetition in the Arts
Why we enjoy works of art, and how repetition plays a central part in the pleasure we receive.

Leonard Bernstein, in his famous Norton Lectures, extolled repetition, saying that it gave poetry its musical qualities and that music theorists' refusal to take it seriously did so at their peril.

Play It Again, Sam takes Bernstein seriously. In this book, Samuel Jay Keyser explores in detail the way repetition works in poetry, music, and painting. He argues, for example, that the same cognitive function underlies both how poets write rhyme in metrical verse and the way songwriters like Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn (“Satin Doll”) and Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart (“My Funny Valentine”) construct their iconic melodies. Furthermore, the repetition found in these tunes can also be found in such classical compositions as Mozart's Rondo alla Turca and his German Dances, as well as in galant music in general.

The author also looks at repetition in paintings like Gustave Caillebotte's Rainy Day in Paris, Andy Warhol’s Campbell's Soup Cans, and Jackson Pollock’s drip paintings. Finally, the photography of Lee Friedlander, Roni Horn, and Osmond GigliaGiglia's Girls in the Windows is one of the highest-grossing photographs in history—are all shown to be built on repetition in the form of visual rhyme.

The book ends with a cognitive conjecture on why repetition has been so prominent in the arts from the Homeric epics through Duke Ellington and beyond. Artists have exploited repetition throughout the ages. The reason why is straightforward: the brain finds the detection of repetition innately pleasurable. Play It Again, Sam offers experimental evidence to support this claim.
1146224581
Play It Again, Sam: Repetition in the Arts
Why we enjoy works of art, and how repetition plays a central part in the pleasure we receive.

Leonard Bernstein, in his famous Norton Lectures, extolled repetition, saying that it gave poetry its musical qualities and that music theorists' refusal to take it seriously did so at their peril.

Play It Again, Sam takes Bernstein seriously. In this book, Samuel Jay Keyser explores in detail the way repetition works in poetry, music, and painting. He argues, for example, that the same cognitive function underlies both how poets write rhyme in metrical verse and the way songwriters like Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn (“Satin Doll”) and Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart (“My Funny Valentine”) construct their iconic melodies. Furthermore, the repetition found in these tunes can also be found in such classical compositions as Mozart's Rondo alla Turca and his German Dances, as well as in galant music in general.

The author also looks at repetition in paintings like Gustave Caillebotte's Rainy Day in Paris, Andy Warhol’s Campbell's Soup Cans, and Jackson Pollock’s drip paintings. Finally, the photography of Lee Friedlander, Roni Horn, and Osmond GigliaGiglia's Girls in the Windows is one of the highest-grossing photographs in history—are all shown to be built on repetition in the form of visual rhyme.

The book ends with a cognitive conjecture on why repetition has been so prominent in the arts from the Homeric epics through Duke Ellington and beyond. Artists have exploited repetition throughout the ages. The reason why is straightforward: the brain finds the detection of repetition innately pleasurable. Play It Again, Sam offers experimental evidence to support this claim.
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Play It Again, Sam: Repetition in the Arts

Play It Again, Sam: Repetition in the Arts

by Samuel Jay Keyser
Play It Again, Sam: Repetition in the Arts

Play It Again, Sam: Repetition in the Arts

by Samuel Jay Keyser

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Overview

Why we enjoy works of art, and how repetition plays a central part in the pleasure we receive.

Leonard Bernstein, in his famous Norton Lectures, extolled repetition, saying that it gave poetry its musical qualities and that music theorists' refusal to take it seriously did so at their peril.

Play It Again, Sam takes Bernstein seriously. In this book, Samuel Jay Keyser explores in detail the way repetition works in poetry, music, and painting. He argues, for example, that the same cognitive function underlies both how poets write rhyme in metrical verse and the way songwriters like Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn (“Satin Doll”) and Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart (“My Funny Valentine”) construct their iconic melodies. Furthermore, the repetition found in these tunes can also be found in such classical compositions as Mozart's Rondo alla Turca and his German Dances, as well as in galant music in general.

The author also looks at repetition in paintings like Gustave Caillebotte's Rainy Day in Paris, Andy Warhol’s Campbell's Soup Cans, and Jackson Pollock’s drip paintings. Finally, the photography of Lee Friedlander, Roni Horn, and Osmond GigliaGiglia's Girls in the Windows is one of the highest-grossing photographs in history—are all shown to be built on repetition in the form of visual rhyme.

The book ends with a cognitive conjecture on why repetition has been so prominent in the arts from the Homeric epics through Duke Ellington and beyond. Artists have exploited repetition throughout the ages. The reason why is straightforward: the brain finds the detection of repetition innately pleasurable. Play It Again, Sam offers experimental evidence to support this claim.

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780262383127
Publisher: MIT Press
Publication date: 05/27/2025
Sold by: Penguin Random House Publisher Services
Format: eBook
Pages: 308
File size: 6 MB

About the Author

Samuel Jay Keyser is a theoretical linguist. He is Peter de Florez Emeritus Professor of the Linguistics and Philosophy faculty, and former Associate Provost at MIT. He has authored numerous books and scientific publications and is Editor-in-Chief of the journal Linguistic Inquiry. He is also a jazz trombone player in the Boston area.

Table of Contents

Introduction
1 Same/Except
2 Rhyme in Poetry
3 Rhyme in Music
4 Same/Except and the Ubiquitous Rule of Three
5 Music’s Rule of Three
6 Is Music Wallpaper?
7 Meter and Repetition
8 Repetition and Framing
9 Repetition and Formulas
10 Repetition and Galant
11 Repetition and Jazz
12 Repetition and Parallelism
13 Repetition in Painting and Photographs
14 - P4 = Parallelism, Priming, Prediction, and Pleasure
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
Index

What People are Saying About This

From the Publisher

“A brilliant analysis of a major part of the pathos and pleasure in art, rhetoric, and music. Play It Again, Sam is filled with deep and playful insight.”
—Steven Pinker, Johnstone Professor of Psychology, Harvard University; author of The Language Instinct and The Sense of Style

“What makes Play It Again, Sam so extraordinary is its demonstration of the ways that poetry, music, painting, and photography engender pleasure in their audiences by exploiting the ability of the brain to detect repetition. I look forward to adopting this book as a required text in my classes in music appreciation and composition. But because Keyser has an uncanny ability to simplify complex ideas so that difficult material is easily understandable, we can all access a way of thinking about art that, to this reader, at least, has been a game changer.”
— George Darrah, Principal Drummer and Arranger, The Boston Pops Orchestra

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