Table of Contents
Preface to the Second Edition iii
Preface to the First Edition v
1 Introduction 1
References 3
2 Relation Between Zeolite Structure and Its Catalytic Activity 5
I Zeolites 6
II Pore/Channel Systems 7
A 8-Membered Oxygen Ring Systems 7
B 10-Membered Oxygen Ring Systems 10
C Dual Pore Systems 13
D 12-Membered Oxygen Ring Systems 14
E Mesopore Systems 14
III Structural Features of Zeolites and the Quantitation of Acidic Framework Aluminum Sites 14
IV Distribution and Location of Acid Sites 21
V Structural Effect on Acid Sites 23
A Constraint Index 23
B Other Catalytic Characterization Tests 25
C Para Selectivity 28
VI Enhanced Acid Sites 29
VII Acid Sites in Isomorphous Substituted Zeolites 30
References 31
3 Principal Methods of Achieving Molecular Shape Selectivity 37
I Size Exclusion 38
II Coulombic Field Effects 43
III Configurational Diffusion 46
IV Spatiospecificity, or Transition State Selectivity 54
V Traffic Control 57
VI Confinement Effect 58
References 59
4 Shape Selective Catalysis 62
I Reactants of Interest 63
II Reactions Catalyzed by Zeolites 64
A Olefin Reactions 64
B Paraffin Reactions 76
C Reactions of Aromatic Compounds 85
D Naphthene Reactions 108
E Reactions of Oxygen-Containing Compounds 108
F Reactions of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds 129
G Reactions of Other Nonhydrocarbons 135
H Acid Catalyzed Hydrogenation Activity 136
III Selective Oxidation with Titanium Zeolites 136
References 137
5 Applications in Petroleum Processing 145
I Goals of Improvement for Environmentally Clean Fuels 146
II Catalytic Cracking of Gas Oils 148
III Octane Boosting 150
A Reforming of Naphthas 150
B Postreforming of Reformates 154
IV Light Olefins Upgrading Processes 166
V Clean Fuels from Light Olefins 168
VI Dewaxing of Distillate Fuels and Lube Basestocks 172
A Introduction 172
B Mobil Distillate Dewaxing Process 174
C Jet Fuel Dewaxing 182
D Mobil Lube Dewaxing Process 185
E Development of Bifunctional Catalytic Dewaxing Process 190
References 192
6 Applications in Aromatics Processing 197
I BTX Synthesis 198
A M2-Forming 198
B Xylene Isomerization 201
C Xylene Synthesis 204
D Xylene by Alkylation of Toluene with Methanol 207
II Ethylbenzene and Para-Ethyltoluene 208
A Ethylbenzene Synthesis 208
B Para-Ethyltoluene Synthesis 209
III Spin-Off to Other Chemicals 209
References 210
7 Applications in Alternate Fuels and Light Olefins 212
I Methanol to-Gasoline Process 213
A Commercial Fixed-Bed Plant 214
B Fluid-Bed Development 217
II Methanol to-Light Olefins Process 222
III Synthesis of Ethers 226
IV Synthesis Gas Conversion 228
A Composite Catalysts for Direct Synthesis Gas Conversion 228
B Mobil Two-Stage Slurry Fischer-Tropsch/ZSM-5 Process 230
References 235
8 New Opportunities in Shape Selective Catalysis 238
I Upgrading Waxy Crudes 239
II Upgrading Shale Oils 240
III Dewaxing Hydrogen Donor Solvent for Coal Liquefaction 242
IV Converting Natural Gas to Liquid Hydrocarbons 243
V Pre-Engine Converter 245
VI Liquid Fuel from Biomass 247
A Direct Conversion of Carbohydrates 247
B Biomass Pyrolysis 248
VII Applications in Other Industries 250
A Fermentation 250
B Zeolitic Membrane Reactors 250
C Chemicals 251
D Environmental Applications 252
E In Vivo Applications 253
References 257
9 Conclusions 261
Author Index 263
Subject Index 269
