Table of Contents
Preface and acknowledgments v
Abbreviations and map xi
1 Introduction 1
2 Bikol 5
2.1 The language and the data 5
2.2 A grammar sketch of Bikol 7
2.2.1 Phonology and morphophonology 8
2.2.1.1 The phoneme inventory 8
2.2.1.2 Nasal assimilation 9
2.2.1.3 /h/-epenthesis 9
2.2.1.4 /r/and/l/ 9
2.2.2 Prosody 10
2.2.2.1 Syllable structure 10
2.2.2.2 Stress 10
2.2.3 Spelling 11
2.2.4 Lexicon 13
2.2.4.1 Contentwords and function words 13
2.2.4.2 Categories of roots and the question of parts of speech 14
2.2.5 Morphosyntax 16
2.2.5.1 Sentence structure and phrase marking 16
2.2.5.2 Voice- and TAM-affixes 19
2.2.5.3 Linking 23
2.2.5.4 Properties and states 24
2.2.5.5 Further derivations 26
2.2.5.6 Plural 27
3 Reduplication 29
3.1 A cursory overview of studies on reduplication 29
3.2 Defining the scope of the study 32
3.3 Excluded phenomena 34
3.4 Classification of reduplication types 35
3.4.1 formal types 35
3.4.2 Functional classification 38
3.4.3 Correspondence between form and function 39
4 Productive reduplication in Bikol 41
4.1 A survey of the productive reduplication types in Bikol 42
4.2 Imperfective reduplication 44
4.2.1 Form 45
4.2.1.1 Reduplicant 45
4.2.1.2 Assimilation 46
4.2.1.3 Base of reduplication 48
4.2.1.4 Output constraints 50
4.2.1.5 Imperfective reduplication and infixation 50
4.2.2 Function 51
4.2.2.1 Aspect marking for actions and events 51
4.2.2.2 Continuatlve aspect in nominalized words 53
4.2.3 Diachronic development of aspect systems in Central Philippine languages 55
4.3 CV-reduplication with numerals 57
4.4 Infixal {Vr}-reduplication for plural actors 58
4.4.1 Form 59
4.4.2 Function 60
4.4.3 The special status of the {Vr}-infix-reduplicant from a synchronic and diachronic perspective 62
4.4.4 Infixal reduplication and other affixes 67
4.4.5 Plural reduplication for mo-derived word forms 68
4.5 Full reduplication 69
4.5.1 Form and meaning of full reduplication 69
4.5.2 Phonotactic conditions for full reduplication 74
4.5.3 The Cury-prefix 76
4.5.4 Homonymity of type I and type II 77
4.5.5 Different accent patterns for different meanings? 79
4.5.6 Disambiguation of homonymous full reduplication of type I and type II from context 81
4.5.7 Differentiation of the meaning nuances of type I through the interaction of the semantics of the base and reduplication 83
4.5.8 Semantic and cognitive explanations for the polysemy of plural and diminutive 89
4.5.9 Polysemy as a strategy in optimization of language 92
4.5.10 Summary: semantic categorization of Bikol full reduplication as "Change of quantity" 94
4.6 Combinations of various reduplication types 96
5 Lexical reduplication in Bikol 99
5.1 Formal patterns of lexical reduplications 101
5.2 Semantic classification: lexical reduplications as a subgroup of expressives 105
5.2.1 SENSE 107
5.2.2 MOVEMENTS & PLURALITY 109
5.2.3 NAME 109
5.2.4 BAD 110
5.3 Iconicity of lexical reduplications 110
5.4 Numerical distribution of lexical reduplication 114
6 Summary of the main topics and concluding remarks 117
6.1 Iconicity of reduplication 118
6.2 Plurality and reduplicalion 123
6.3 Reference to central questions of the research on reduplication 125
6.4 Further perspectives 128
Appendix 1 Content of the dialogues, poems and stories of the corpus 129
Appendix 2 Bisyllabic reduplicated roots 132
Appendix 3 Lexical partial reduplication 148
Appendix 4 Lexical full reduplication 152
Appendix 5 Echo-words 165
Appendix 6 Productive partial reduplication 169
Appendix 7 Productive full (and Curu-)reduplication 173
References 195
Index of authors 205
Index of languages 208
Index of subjects 209
