Women and Patriotism in Jim Crow America

After the Civil War, many Americans did not identify strongly with the concept of a united nation. Francesca Morgan finds the first stirrings of a sense of national patriotism — of “these United States” — in the work of black and white clubwomen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Morgan demonstrates that hundreds of thousands of women in groups such as the Woman’s Relief Corps, the National Association of Colored Women, the Universal Negro Improvement Association, the Unit...