Table of Contents
PREFACE vii
1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS 1
1.1 Introduction, 2
1.2 Basic Concepts and Definitions, 2
1.3 Measurement and Measurement Scales, 5
1.4 Sampling and Statistical Inference, 7
Exercises, 12
1.5 The Scientific Method, 13
Exercises, 15
1.6 Computers and Technology, 15
1.7 Summary, 16
Review Questions and Exercises, 16
References, 17
2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 18
2.1 Introduction, 19
2.2 The Ordered Array, 19
2.3 Frequency Tables, 21
Exercises, 25
2.4 Measures of Central Tendency, 29
2.5 Measures of Dispersion, 34
Exercises, 41
2.6 Visualizing Data, 43
Exercises, 51
2.7 Summary, 51
Summary of Formulas for Chapter 2, 51
Review Questions and Exercises, 53
References, 56
3 SOME BASIC PROBABILITY CONCEPTS 57
3.1 Introduction, 57
3.2 Two Views of Probability: Objective and Subjective, 58
3.3 Elementary Properties of Probability, 60
3.4 Calculating the Probability of an Event, 61
Exercises, 68
3.5 Bayes’ Theorem, Screening Tests, Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value Positive and Negative, 69
Exercises, 73
3.6 Summary, 74
Summary of Formulas for Chapter 3, 75
Review Questions and Exercises, 76
References, 79
4 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 80
4.1 Introduction, 81
4.2 Probability Distributions of Discrete Variables, 81
Exercises, 86
4.3 The Binomial Distribution, 87
Exercises, 95
4.4 The Poisson Distribution, 96
Exercises, 100
4.5 Continuous Probability Distributions, 101
4.6 The Normal Distribution, 103
Exercises, 109
4.7 Normal Distribution Applications, 109
Exercises, 113
4.8 Summary, 114
Summary of Formulas for Chapter 4, 114
Review Questions and Exercises, 115
References, 117
5 SOME IMPORTANT SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS 119
5.1 Introduction, 119
5.2 Sampling Distributions, 120
5.3 Distribution of the Sample Mean, 121
Exercises, 128
5.4 Distribution of the Difference between Two Sample Means, 129
Exercises, 133
5.5 Distribution of the Sample Proportion, 134
Exercises, 136
5.6 Distribution of the Difference between Two Sample Proportions, 137
Exercises, 139
5.7 Summary, 139
Summary of Formulas for Chapter 5, 140
Review Questions and Exercises, 140
References, 141
6 ESTIMATION 143
6.1 Introduction, 144
6.2 Confidence Interval for a Population Mean, 147
Exercises, 152
6.3 The t Distribution, 153
Exercises, 157
6.4 Confidence Interval for the Difference between Two Population Means, 158
Exercises, 164
6.5 Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion, 165
Exercises, 166
6.6 Confidence Interval for the Difference between Two Population Proportions, 167
Exercises, 168
6.7 Determination of Sample Size for Estimating Means, 169
Exercises, 171
6.8 Determination of Sample Size for Estimating Proportions, 171
Exercises, 172
6.9 The Chi-Square Distribution and the Confidence Interval for the Variance of a Normally Distributed Population, 173
Exercises, 177
6.10 The F-Distribution and the Confidence Interval for the Ratio of the Variances of Two Normally Distributed Populations, 177
Exercises, 180
6.11 Summary, 181
Summary of Formulas for Chapter 6, 182
Review Questions and Exercises, 183
References, 186
7 HYPOTHESIS TESTING 189
7.1 Introduction, 190
7.2 Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Mean, 200
Exercises, 211
7.3 Hypothesis Testing: The Difference between Two Population Means, 213
Exercises, 221
7.4 Paired Comparisons, 224
Exercises, 229
7.5 Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Proportion, 232
Exercises, 234
7.6 Hypothesis Testing: The Difference between Two Population Proportions, 235
Exercises, 236
7.7 Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Variance, 238
Exercises, 240
7.8 Hypothesis Testing: The Ratio of Two Population Variances, 241
Exercises, 244
7.9 The Type II Error and the Power of a Test, 245
Exercises, 249
7.10 Determining Sample Size to Control Type II Errors, 249
Exercises, 251
7.11 Summary, 251
Summary of Formulas for Chapter 7, 252
Review Questions and Exercises, 254
References, 264
8 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 267
8.1 Introduction, 268
8.2 The Completely Randomized Design, 271
Exercises, 289
8.3 The Randomized Complete Block Design, 294
Exercises, 301
8.4 The Repeated Measures Design, 305
Exercises, 313
8.5 The Factorial Experiment, 315
Exercises, 326
8.6 Summary, 329
Summary of Formulas for Chapter 8, 329
Review Questions and Exercises, 331
References, 350
9 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION 354
9.1 Introduction, 355
9.2 The Regression Model, 355
9.3 The Sample Regression Equation, 357
Exercises, 364
9.4 Evaluating the Regression Equation, 366
Exercises, 380
9.5 Using the Regression Equation, 380
Exercises, 384
9.6 The Correlation Model, 384
9.7 The Correlation Coefficient, 386
Exercises, 394
9.8 Some Precautions, 397
9.9 Summary, 398
Summary of Formulas for Chapter 9, 399
Review Questions and Exercises, 401
References, 413
10 MULTIPLE REGRESSION AND CORRELATION 416
10.1 Introduction, 417
10.2 The Multiple Linear Regression Model, 417
10.3 Obtaining the Multiple Regression Equation, 418
Exercises, 423
10.4 Evaluating the Multiple Regression Equation, 427
Exercises, 433
10.5 Using the Multiple Regression Equation, 433
Exercises, 435
10.6 The Multiple Correlation Model, 435
Exercises, 443
10.7 Summary, 446
Summary of Formulas for Chapter 10, 447
Review Questions and Exercises, 448
References, 454
11 REGRESSION ANALYSIS: SOME ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES 455
11.1 Introduction, 455
11.2 Qualitative Independent Variables, 459
Exercises, 472
11.3 Variable Selection Procedures, 474
Exercises, 478
11.4 Logistic Regression, 485
Exercises, 495
11.5 Poisson Regression, 497
Exercises, 503
11.6 Summary, 504
Summary of Formulas for Chapter 11, 505
Review Questions and Exercises, 506
References, 517
12 ThE CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION AND THE ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCIES 519
12.1 Introduction, 520
12.2 The Mathematical Properties of the Chi-Square Distribution, 520
12.3 Tests of Goodness-of-Fit, 523
Exercises, 533
12.4 Tests of Independence, 535
Exercises, 544
12.5 Tests of Homogeneity, 545
Exercises, 551
12.6 The Fisher’s Exact Test, 552
Exercises, 557
12.7 Relative Risk, Odds Ratio, and the Mantel–Haenszel Statistic, 557
Exercises, 567
12.8 Summary, 569
Summary of Formulas for Chapter 12, 570
Review Questions and Exercises, 571
References, 576
13 NONPARAMETRIC AND DISTRIBUTION-FREE STATISTICS 579
13.1 Introduction, 580
13.2 Measurement Scales, 581
13.3 The Sign Test, 581
Exercises, 588
13.4 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Location, 589
Exercises, 593
13.5 The Median Test, 594
Exercises, 596
13.6 The Mann–Whitney Test, 597
Exercises, 602
13.7 The Kolmogorov–Smirnov Goodness-of-Fit Test, 604
Exercises, 610
13.8 The Kruskal–Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks, 610
Exercises, 615
13.9 The Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks, 618
Exercises, 622
13.10 The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient, 623
Exercises, 629
13.11 Nonparametric Regression Analysis, 631
Exercises, 634
13.12 Summary, 634
Summary of Formulas for Chapter 13, 635
Review Questions and Exercises, 636
References, 644
14 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 646
14.1 Introduction, 647
14.2 Time-to-Event Data and Censoring, 647
14.3 The Kaplan–Meier Procedure, 651
Exercises, 656
14.4 Comparing Survival Curves, 658
Exercises, 661
14.5 Cox Regression: The Proportional Hazards Model, 663
Exercises, 666
14.6 Summary, 667
Summary of Formulas for Chapter 14, 667
Review Questions and Exercises, 668
References, 669
15 VITAL STATISTICS 671
15.1 Introduction, 671
15.2 Death Rates and Ratios, 672
Exercises, 677
15.3 Measures of Fertility, 679
Exercises, 681
15.4 Measures of Morbidity, 682
Exercises, 683
15.5 Summary, 683
Summary of Formulas for Chapter 15, 684
Review Questions and Exercises, 685
References, 686
INDEX 689
The following supplements are available through your instructor
APPENDIX: STATISTICAL TABLES
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
