Table of Contents
CONTENTS
Contributors......................................................................... xi
Foreword ............................................................................... xv
Preface ................................................................................... xvii
SECTION ONE
HYBRID BIONIC SYSTEMS
EMGBased and GazeTrackingBased Man-Machine Interfaces
Federico Carpi and Danilo De Rossi
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 4
II. EMGBasedInterfaces............................................................. 5
III. GazeTrackingBasedInterfaces.................................................. 12
IV. FinalRemark ....................................................................... 19
References .......................................................................... 19
Bidirectional Interfaces with the Peripheral Nervous System
Silvestro Micera and Xavier Navarro
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 24
II. OrganizationandFunctionofthePNS ........................................ 25
III. Nerve Electrodes:TypesandApplications..................................... 28
IV. Stimulationand RecordingNeuralSignals .................................... 31
V. BiomedicalApplications.......................................................... 33
References .......................................................................... 35
Interfacing Insect Brain for Space Applications
Giovanni Di Pino, Tobias Seidl, Antonella Benvenuto,
Fabrizio Sergi, Domenico Campolo, Dino Accoto,
Paolo Maria Rossini, and Eugenio Guglielmelli
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 40
II. Interfaces............................................................................ 41
III. SensoryandMotorMapping..................................................... 44
IV. ProposingaModelofHybrid Control Architecture ......................... 45
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V. ConclusionsandOutlook......................................................... 46
References........................................................................... 47
SECTION TWO
MEET THE BRAIN
Meet the Brain: Neurophysiology
John Rothwell
I. Introduction......................................................................... 52
II. HowDoNeuronsTransmit Information?...................................... 53
III. Synapses ............................................................................. 55
IV. TheMotorAreasofthe CerebralCortex....................................... 57
V. PlasticityofPrimaryMotorCortex .............................................. 63
VI. Conclusions ......................................................................... 64
References........................................................................... 65
Fundamentals of Electroencefalography, Magnetoencefalography, and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Claudio Babiloni, Vittorio Pizzella, Cosimo del Gratta,
Antonio Ferretti, and Gian Luca Romani
I. Introduction to Electroencephalography andMagnetoencephalography ................................................... 68
II. Physiological GenerationofEEG/MEGSignals............................... 69
III. EEG and MEG Techniques Allow the Study of Brain Rhythms............. 73
IV. FunctionalMagneticResonanceImaging ...................................... 74
V. Physiological Generation of Blood Oxygen LevelDependent Signal ...... 75
VI. TypicalfMRIExperimentalDesigns............................................. 77
VII. BOLDfMRITechniquesin Clinical Environment ............................ 77
References........................................................................... 78
Implications of Brain Plasticity to Brain-Machine Interfaces Operation:
A Potential Paradox?
Paolo Maria Rossini
I. Introduction......................................................................... 82
II. BrainPlasticity ...................................................................... 83
III. BrainPlasticityandBMISystems ................................................ 87
IV. MonitoringPlasticityDuringBMIControl ..................................... 88
V. Conclusions ......................................................................... 89
References........................................................................... 89
CONTENTS
SECTION THREE
BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACES, A NEW
BRAINTOENVIRONMENT COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
An Overview of BMIs
Francisco Sepulveda
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 94
II. MainElementsinaBMI.......................................................... 96
III. BMITypes........................................................................... 99
IV. BMIsandtheUser’sAbility...................................................... 102
V. Conclusion.......................................................................... 104
References .......................................................................... 104
Neurofeedback and Brain-Computer Interface: Clinical Applications
Niels Birbaumer, Ander Ramos Murguialday, Cornelia Weber, and Pedro Montoya
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 108
II. FunctionalMagnetic ResonanceImaging: fMRIBMI ........................ 109
III. BMIinLockedinSyndrome..................................................... 110
IV. BMIinStrokeandSpinalCordInjury ......................................... 112
V. Conclusion.......................................................................... 114
References .......................................................................... 115
Flexibility and Practicality: Graz Brain-Computer Interface Approach
Reinhold Scherer, Gernot R. MullerPutz, and Gert Pfurtscheller
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 120
II. GrazBCI ............................................................................ 120
III. Applications......................................................................... 122
IV. Discussion ........................................................................... 127
References .......................................................................... 129
On the Use of Brain-Computer Interfaces Outside Scientific Laboratories: Toward an Application in Domotic Environments
F. Babiloni, F. Cincotti, M. Marciani, S. Salinari, L. Astolfi,
F. Aloise, F. De Vico Fallani, and D. Mattia
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 134
II. Methodology........................................................................ 135
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III. Results................................................................................ 142
IV. Discussion ........................................................................... 144
References........................................................................... 146
Brain-Computer Interface Research at the Wadsworth Center:
Developments in Noninvasive Communication and Control
Dean J. Krusienski and Jonathan R. Wolpaw
I. Introduction......................................................................... 147
II. SensorimotorRhythmBasedBCIControl...................................... 149
III. P300BasedBCIControl........................................................... 152
IV. CurrentandFutureDirections................................................... 154
V. Conclusion .......................................................................... 155
References........................................................................... 155
WatchingBrain TV and Playing Brain Ball: ExploringNovel BCI Strategies Using RealTime Analysis of Human Intracranial Data
Karim Jerbi, Samson Freyermuth, Lorella Minotti, Philippe Kahane, Alain Berthoz, and JeanPhilippe Lachaux
I. Introduction......................................................................... 160
II. MaterialsandMethods............................................................ 161
III. Results................................................................................ 161
IV. Discussion ........................................................................... 166
References........................................................................... 167
SECTION FOUR
BRAINMACHINE INTERFACES AND SPACE
Adaptive Changes of Rhythmic EEG Oscillations in Space:
Implications for Brain-Machine Interface Applications
G. Cheron, A. M. Cebolla, M. Petieau, A. Bengoetxea,
E. PalmeroSoler, A. Leroy, and B. Dan
I. Introduction......................................................................... 172
II. SpontaneousEEG Fluctuations:Whereisthe Baseline? ..................... 172
III. Howto Manage AlphaandMu Oscillationsin Space........................ 173
IV. From the Identification Process to the Exploitation ofBrainOscillationsinSpace.................................................... 174
V. The Influence of TopDown Dynamics on BCI Approach ............... 176
VI. Gamma EEG Oscillations: AWindow into Cognition, Perception, Attention, Binding,or MicrosaccadicEye Movements ....................... 179
VII. The Gating of the SomatosensoryEvokedPotentials asaNewToolsforBCI............................................................ 179 References........................................................................... 183
CONTENTS
Validation of Brain-Machine Interfaces During Parabolic Flight
Jose del R. Millan, Pierre W. Ferrez, and Tobias Seidl
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 189
II. Methods............................................................................. 190
III. ExperimentalResults.............................................................. 193
IV. Discussion ........................................................................... 196
References .......................................................................... 197
Matching Brain-Machine Interface Performance to Space Applications
Luca Citi, Oliver Tonet, and Martina Marinelli
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 200
II. Methods: PerformanceMeasuresofHBSs ..................................... 201
III. Materials............................................................................. 202
IV. Results:Matching InterfacesandDevices...................................... 205
V. PossibleDemonstrators ........................................................... 208
VI. Conclusions......................................................................... 209
References .......................................................................... 210
Brain-Machine Interfaces forSpace Applications-Research,Technological
Development, and Opportunities
Leopold Summerer, Dario Izzo, and Luca Rossini
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 214
II. AnOutlookonBMIResearchTrends.......................................... 215
III. Future Manned Space Programs-Planned or Envisioned.................. 217
IV. NextStepsTowardBMIsforSpaceApplications............................. 220
V. Conclusion.......................................................................... 221
References .......................................................................... 221
Index ...................................................................................... 225
Contents of Recent Volumes................................................ 231