Fortress Europe: From Stone to Steel Fortifications,1850-1945

An authoritative exploration of the architecture of Europe's fortifications built in the 19th and 20th centuries.

A few of the fortifications and fortified lines of the world wars are well known and have often been written about, illustrated and studied. But they tend to distract attention from the wide range of fixed defenses constructed across Europe on an enormous scale after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, during a period of insecurity and aggression.

In Fortress Europe, a highly ...