From 2D to 3D Photonic Integrated Circuits

The integration of photonics and electronics has transformed the landscape of modern technology. At the forefront of this revolution is the development of Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs). Historically rooted in the traditional 2-D fabrication processes inherited from electronic Integrated Circuits, PICs shifted to 3-D configurations, introducing new design philosophies that impact scalability, efficiency, and performance. This convergence of electronic and photonic circuits presents uni...