Islam and Secularization: Competition or Reconciliation?: How Muslim Is a Muslim in the Changing World?

Islamic history is replete with cyclical eruptions of radical Islam. One example: the Muslim Brotherhood, is an Islamic organization that was founded in 1928 in Ismailia, Egypt, as an Islamist religious, political, and social movement. It was begun in reaction to attempts to reform Islam by the great reformers and modernizers of the early 20th century, beginning with Afghani and Abdu.

Each time an Islamic eruption took place, it resulted in violence, since the Westernized Muslims usually ref...