Martyrdom, Sacrificial Libation, and the Eucharist of Ignatius of Antioch

After showing that sacramental realism exists in neither Ignatius nor in John 6:51b—58, Frederick G. Klawiter argues that Ignatius’ eucharist contained a sacrificial wine libation (poured into a dish on the altar), symbolizing the pouring out of Jesus’ blood in his sacrificial death. Then, by drinking from the libation cup in the eucharist/agape meal, Christians sought unity of agape with one another and the crucified, risen Jesus—while anticipating the possibility of martyrdom.