Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
About the Authors xiii
Introduction: The Five-Step Program xv
Step 1 Set Up Your Study Program 1
1 What You Need to Know About the AP Statistics Exam 3
Background Information 3
Some Frequently Asked Questions About the AP Statistics Exam 4
2 How to Plan Your Time 10
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Statistics Exam 10
Calendar for Each Plan 12
Step 2 Determine Your Test Readiness 15
3 Take a Diagnostic Exam 17
AP Statistics Diagnostic Test 21
Answers and Explanations 32
Interpretation: How Ready Are You? 41
Section I Multiple-Choice Questions 41
Section II Free-Response Questions 41
Composite Score 41
Step 3 Develop Strategies for Success 43
4 Tips for Taking the Exam 45
General Test-Taking Tips 46
Tips for Multiple-Choice Questions 47
Tips for Free-Response Questions 47
Specific Statistics Content Tips 49
Step 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High 51
5 One-Variable Data Analysis 53
Descriptive versus Inferential Statistics 54
Parameters versus Statistics 54
Quantitative versus Categorical (Qualitative) Data 54
Graphical Analysis 55
Measures of Center 60
Estimating Means and Medians From Grouped Data 62
Measures of Spread 65
Position of a Term in a Distribution 68
Normal Distribution 70
Rapid Review 74
Practice Problems 75
Cumulative Review Problems 81
Solutions to Practice Problems 81
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems 86
6 Two-Variable Data Analysis 88
Scatterplots 88
Correlation 90
Linear Models 94
Residuals 97
Coefficient of Determination 99
Outliers and Influential Observations 100
Transformations to Achieve Linearity 101
Rapid Review 103
Practice Problems 104
Cumulative Review Problems 110
Solutions to Practice Problems 111
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems 114
7 Design of a Study: Sampling, Surveys, and Experiments 116
Samples 117
Sampling Bias 119
Experiments and Observational Studies 121
Rapid Review 126
Practice Problems 127
Cumulative Review Problems 132
Solutions to Practice Problems 132
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems 136
8 Probability and Random Variables 138
Probability 138
Random Variables 144
Normal Probabilities 148
Simulation and Random Number Generation 150
Transforming and Combining Random Variables 152
Rules for the Mean and Standard Deviation of Combined Random Variables 153
Rapid Review 154
Practice Problems 155
Cumulative Review Problems 161
Solutions to Practice Problems 162
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems 168
9 Binomial Distributions, Geometric Distributions, and Sampling Distributions 169
Binomial Distributions 169
Normal Approximation to the Binomial 172
Geometric Distributions 174
Sampling Distributions 175
Sampling Distributions of a Sample Proportion 179
Rapid Review 180
Practice Problems 181
Cumulative Review Problems 185
Solutions to Practice Problems 186
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems 191
10 Inference: Estimating with Confidence Intervals 192
Estimation and Confidence Intervals 193
Formula for a Confidence Interval for a Proportion 195
Conditions for a Confidence Interval for a Proportion 195
Construct and Interpret a Confidence Interval for a Proportion 196
Confidence Level as a Capture Rate 197
Sample Size 205
Rapid Review 207
Practice Problems 209
Cumulative Review Problems 215
Solutions to Practice Problems 215
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems 220
11 Inference: Testing Hypotheses 222
Statistical Significance and P-Value 223
The Hypothesis-Testing Procedure 224
Recap of Hypothesis (Significance) Testing 226
Inference for a Single Population Proportion 227
Type I and Type II Errors and the Power of a Test 229
Inference for the Difference Between Two Population Proportions 232
z-Procedures versus t-Procedures 233
Inference for a Single Population Mean 234
Inference for the Difference Between Two Population Means 237
Rapid Review 239
Practice Problems 242
Cumulative Review Problems 248
Solutions to Practice Problems 248
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems 255
12 Inference for Regression 257
Simple Linear Regression 257
Inference for the Slope of a Regression Line 259
Confidence Interval for the Slope of a Regression Line 262
Inference for Regression Using Technology 263
Rapid Review 264
Practice Problems 266
Cumulative Review Problems 269
Solutions to Practice Problems 270
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems 273
13 Inference for Categorical Data: Chi-Squared Tests 275
Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test 275
Inference for Two-Way Tables 280
Rapid Review 286
Practice Problems 287
Cumulative Review Problems 292
Solutions to Practice Problems 292
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems 296
14 Free Response Question 6: The Investigative Task 297
Solution 300
General Tips for the Investigative Task 301
Step 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence 303
AP Statistics Practice Test 1 305
AP Statistics Practice Test 2 329
Elite Student Edition 5 Minutes to a 5 180 Daily Questions and Activities 351
Appendixes 569
Formula Sheet 571
Tables 573
Bibliography 577
Websites 579
Glossary 581
