An African American Dilemma: A History of School Integration and Civil Rights in the North

An African American Dilemma offers the first social history of northern Black debates over school integration versus separation from the 1840s to the present.

Since Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 Americans have viewed school integration as a central tenet of the Black civil rights movement. Yet, school integration was not the only—or even always the dominant—civil rights strategy. At times, African Americans also fought for separate, Black controlled schools dedicated to racial uplift a...