Batteries for Implantable Biomedical Devices

Small sealed electrochemical power units have developed remarkably in the last two decades owing to improvements in technology and a greater understanding of the underlying basic sciences. These high-energy-density sealed battery systems have made possible the safe and rapid development of lightweight implant­ able electrical devices, some of which, such as heart pacers, have reached a large market. In most of these devices the battery constitutes the majority of the device volume and weigh...