Castle to Fortress: Medieval to Post-Modern Fortifications in the Lands of the Former Roman Empire

Across western Europe the long tradition of castle-building took on its most sophisticated form in the later Medieval period and then, in response to the development of gunpowder weapons, it underwent a fundamental change – from castle to fortress. This, the second volume of a highly illustrated new study of medieval fortification, gives a fascinating insight into the last great age of castles and the centuries of violence and conflict they were part of.

It traces the advances made between t...