Employment Deconcentration in European Metropolitan Areas: Market Forces versus Planning Regulations

European metropolitan areas have experienced a marked reorganization associated with the processes of globalization and the European integration of economic act— ities on various spatial scales. Much of this change is particularly evident at the edge of central cities, further away at suburban locations and on the fringes of expanding metropolitan areas. These spatial processes of urban expansion, sprawling dev— opment, and employment deconcentration present constant challenges to urban qua...