Table of Contents
List of Figures xv
Preface xix
Part I Introduction to Human Resource Development
1 Human Resource Development Boundaries 3
Introduction 3
Purpose of HRD 4
Definition of HRD 4
Origins of HRD 5
HRD Context 5
HRD Core Beliefs 11
HRD as a Discipline and a Professional Field of Practice 13
Conclusion 14
Reflection Questions 14
2 Basics of Human Resource Development 15
Introduction 16
Points of Agreement 16
HRD Worldviews 19
HRD Process 24
Threats to Excellent Practice 25
Ethics and Integrity Standards 26
Conclusion 27
Reflection Questions 27
3 History of Human Resource Development 29
Introduction 30
The Beginnings: Survival through Labor and Learning 30
1400-1800: The Renaissance 32
Apprenticeship in Colonial America 33
Industrial Era in America 34
Twentieth-Century Influences in America 36
Evolution of the Organization Development Component of HRD 38
Management and Leadership Development in the United States 42
Emergence of the HRD Research Community 48
Conclusion: HRD History Timeline 49
Reflection Questions 54
Part II Theory and Philosophy in Human Resource Development
4 Role of Theory and Philosophy in Human Resource Development 57
Introduction 57
Recognizing the Theory Development Process as Research 59
Requirements of a Sound Theory 61
Philosophy and Theory Underlying HRD 61
Philosophical Metaphors for HRD Theory and Practice 63
Contributed Karen E. Watkins Ajit Bhattarai, University of Georgia
Conclusion 78
Reflection Questions 79
5 Theory of Human Resource Development 80
Introduction 80
Perspectives on Theory and Practice 81
Theory Framework for All Applied Disciplines 83
Theory of Human Resource Development 84
Conclusion 97
Reflection Questions 98
6 Component Theories of Human Resource Development 99
Introduction 100
Psychology and the Discipline of HRD 101
Contributed Elwood F. Holton III, Louisiana State University
Economics, Human Capital Theory, and HRD 107
Contributed Richard J. Torraco, University of Nebraska
Systems Theory as a Foundation for HRD 116
Contributed Wendy E. A. Ruona, University of Georgia
Conclusion 125
Reflection Questions 125
Part III Perspectives of Human Resource Development
7 Paradigms of Human Resource Development 129
Introduction 129
Overview of the HRD Paradigms 130
Debates about Learning and Performance 132
Philosophical Views of Learning and Performance 133
Learning Paradigm of HRD 136
Performance Paradigm of HRD 139
Fusing the Two Paradigms 146
Conclusion 149
Reflection Questions 149
8 Perspectives on Performance in Human Resource Development 150
Introduction 151
Organizational Effectiveness as a Precursor to Performance 151
Disciplinary Perspectives on Performance 153
Financial Performance 157
Multilevel Performance Models 161
Process and Team-Level Performance Models 171
Individual-Level Performance Models 172
The Spoils of Performance 175
Conclusion 176
Reflection Questions 177
9 Perspectives on Learning in Human Resource Development 178
Introduction 179
Theories of Learning 179
Learning Models at the Individual Level 188
Learning Models at the Organizational Level 198
Conclusion 202
Reflection Questions 202
10 Traditional Information and Communication Technology in Human Resource Development 204
Introduction 204
Information and Communication Technology in HRD 206
Contributed Theo J. Bastiaens, Open University of the Netherlands
Conclusion 218
Reflection Questions 219
Part IV Developing Expertise through Training and Development
11 Overview of Training and Development 223
Introduction 224
Views of T&D 225
Key T&D Terms and Strategies 229
The General T&D Process 231
Instructional Systems Development (ISD) 232
Training for Performance System (TPS) 234
Individual-Focused T&D 243
Team/Group-Focused T&D 245
Training Roles and Responsibilities 247
Conclusion 247
Reflection Questions 248
12 The Nature of Expertise 249
Introduction 249
Knowledge versus Expertise 250
Definitions of Expertise and Competence 254
Conclusion 264
Reflection Questions 265
13 Training and Development Practices 266
Introduction 267
Variations in T&D Practices 267
Core T&D Practices 268
Individual-Focused T&D Practices 271
Group-Focused T&D Practices 271
Work Process-Focused T&D Practices 275
Organization-Focused T&D Practices 277
Conclusion 280
Reflection Questions 280
Part V Unleashing Expertise through Organization Development
14 Overview of Organization Development 285
Introduction 285
Views of OD 286
Key OD Terms 293
The General OD Process 293
Action Research: Problem-Solving Method 296
OD Process Model 299
OD for Performance System 301
Conclusion 304
Reflection Questions 305
15 The Nature of the Change Process 306
Introduction 307
Core Dimensions of Change 309
Change Outcomes 312
General Theories of Change 312
Resistance to Change 317
Focused Perspectives on Change 320
Leading and Managing Organization Change 332
Conclusion 334
Reflection Questions 334
16 Organization Development Practices 335
Introduction 336
Variations in OD Practices 336
Core OD Practices 338
Organization-Focused OD Practices 339
Work Process-Focused OD Practices 342
Group-Focused OD Practices 346
Individual-Focused OD Practices 349
Conclusion 351
Reflection Questions 353
Part VI Advancing Human Resource Development
17 Strategy and Human Resource Development 357
Introduction 358
Schools of Strategic Thinking 358
Strategic Roles of Human Resource Development 358
Contributed Richard J. Torraco, University of Nebraska
Scenario Planning 371
Contributed Thomas J. Chermack, Colorado State University
Conclusion 381
Reflection Questions 383
18 Assessment in Human Resource Development 384
Introduction 384
Program Assessment Approaches to Accountability 385
Balanced Scorecard and Intellectual Capital 389
Results Assessment System 392
Financial Assessment 395
Conclusion 400
Reflection Questions 400
19 Policy and Planning for Human Resource Development 401
Introduction 401
Human Resource Development Policy and Planning 403
Contributed Toby M. Egan, University of Maryland
Conclusion 414
Reflection Questions 416
Part VII Human Resource Development into the Future
20 Challenges of Self-Managed Learning and Career Development 419
Introduction 420
Self-Managed Learning: Agent Learners 420
Contributed Patricia A. McLagan, McLagan International
Career Development and Human Resource Development 428
Contributed Hyung Joon Yoon, The Pennsylvania State University
Reflection Questions 434
21 The Age of Digitalization, Automation, Big Data, and Artificial Intelligence 436
Introduction 436
Human Resource Development in the Age of Digitalization, Automation, Big Data, and Artificial Intelligence 437
Contributed Mesut Akdere, Purdue University-West Lafayette
Conclusion 448
Reflection Questions 449
22 Globalization Impacting Human Resource Development 451
Introduction 451
Globalization and Human Resource Development 452
Contributed DaeSeok Chai, Colorado State University
Conclusion 463
Reflection Questions 465
23 Human Resource Development Moving Forward 466
Introduction 467
Disruption-The Faster and Better Challenge 467
Globalism-The Systems and Economic Challenge 472
Values-Beliefs on the Ropes 476
Conclusion 478
Reflection Questions 478
References 481
Name Index 547
Subject Index 559
About the Author 569
Contributors 571
